Magister Chirurgiae Dentium - MChD (Oral Medicine and Periodontics)

Permanent URI for this collection

https://hdl.handle.net/10566/10998

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 74

The handling of undated pig embryos and foetuses as a prelude to histological studies of morphogenesis in the oral region
(University of the Western Cape, 1976) van Rensburg, Barend. Gabriel; van Wyk, C.W.
The author is interested in the morphogenesis of the oral region including the nasopalatine complex. With the intention of undertaking a study of the· embryological development in this area, perusal of available literature failed to reveal a single compreh.ensive description of the reception and handling of embryonic and foetal material, mensuration and preparation for miscroscopy. Human material for embryological study is relatively scarce in· the Republic of South Africa. According to the literature there is, however, a distinct similarity between human and domestic pig development in certain regions, notably the palate. Furthermore, pig embryos and foetuses are available in comparative abundance from sows slaughtered at abattoirs. As a consequence of the above-mentioned factors it was,decided to undertake a -preparatory study in order to firstly evaluate existing methods of handling of embryonic and foetal material and secondly, to statistically evaluate data relating to mass and measurements.'· The aim was to draw a comparison with existing information and to select a sample for investigation. Embryos and foetuses were removed from slaughtered sows in a fresh state and removed to the laboratory immersed in 10 per cent neutral buffered formol saline. In the laboratory foetal membranes were removed, umbilical cords cut and the specimens weighed. They were then placed in Bouin's solution for final fixation and decalcification. Instruments were designed to measure crown-tailroot length, crown-rump length and dorsal profile length. After one day in Bouin's solution all specimens were measured. In order to determine the accuracy of the weighing and measuring procedures ten fixed specimens were weighed and measured on seven consecutive days. Statistical analysis of this data indicated that crown-rump length was the most accurately determinable linear measurement, judged by both the coefficient of variation and the standard deviation. On this basis crown-rump length was chosen as the criterion for selecting the sample to be studied. Correlation between linear measurements and between linear measurements and mass for the entire series showed a very strong positive relationship between all the parameters indicating that a dimensional relationship was maintained during growth. After measuring, the small specimens were embedded whole while larger embryos and foetuses were decapitated. A method was described for trimming and embedding these heads in such a way that subsequent sectioning would take place in a standardised transverse plane. In larger specimens this procedure had to be delayed until demineralization had taken place. Conclusions based on a consideration of data for the entire population included the following: 1. The mean number of specimens per litter was 6,475. 2. The number of pigs per litter stayed relatively constant throughout the period of gestation. 3. Mass showed a greater intra-litter variation than any of the three linear measurements recorded. 4. Relatively, lengths appeared to vary less in older than in younger Ldtt.ers-, irrespective of litter size
A survey of the oral health status of the institutionalised elderly white people in the Cape Peninsula area of the Republic of South Africa
(University of the Western Cape, 1979) Watermeyer, Gert Johannes Jurgens; Thomas, C.J.
Aging is a biological process under the influence of genetic and pathological factors wh ich can be more or less advanced in different individuals with the same, chronological age. Silverman (1961) defined age as a three-dimensional phenomenon wherein there is a constant interaction between chronologie age, physiologic age and psychologic age. Vinton (1964) also points out that there are physiologic, pathologic, psychologic and sociologic changes which are unique to the latter span of life. These changes are not synonomous with illness as long as they fall within the physiologic limits of normality. If these limits are exceeded the changes are pathological in character. Age is a phase of life which brings about changed circumstances and a new pattern of life which must be adapted to and accepted. This may necessitate an invironmental change which causes a loss of friends and social standing and may bring about a feeling of insecurity in some people, suppressing the incentive to live for the future. To counter these emotions it is imper~tive to create a quality of life in which the aged can be productive within the limits of their physical abilities and which will give them the assurance that they are still needed by society. Life expectancy is determined by the circumstances under which people live. The average age of life expectancy during the Roman period and the Middle Ages was 25 to 30 years; today it is 70 years (Sharry 1974). Nature normally maintains an equilibrium between young and old so that each can provide for the other's needs. Modern science and technology however have upset that balance and brought about new developments in medicine ich have succeeded in increasin and reducin infant mortality, causing the ectancy explosion. This has brought about a situatiop where 10 million humans are born and only 3 million die every month; thus the inflow into life far exceeds the outflow and there is consequently a global increase of 80 million people per year. At this rate the world population will double itself by the end of this century (Pistorius 1978). Birth control has been encouraged as a counter measure to this and the result has been a marked drop in the birth rate, especially in the more advanced countries of the world. This changing relationship between the birth and death rates is referred to as the population-shift. In the U.S.A. 4% of the total population was over the age of 65 years at the beginning of this century. In 1975 the figure was 10% and at the present rate of population-shift will be 20% by the end of this century (Winkler 1977). In England and Wales 6% of the total population was over the age of 65 years in 1931, 10% in 1951 and 12% in 1962. In Scotland 7% was over the age of 65 years in 1931, 9% in 1951 and 10% in 1962 (Storer 1965). In Canada 4,8% of the total population was over the age of 65 years in 1921 and 7,8% in 1971. The average life expectancy was 50 years in 1900 and 70 years in 1960 (Sherman 1970). This pattern of change is also evident in the Republic of South Atrica but there is a marked variation in the different ethnic groups (White, Asian, Coloureds and Blacks) making up the South African population.
Oral cancer (I.C.O 140-146) in South Africa with special reference to its occurrence among the Cape coloured and Indian people of the Cape Peninsula
(University of the Western Cape, 1980) Breytenbach, Hermanus Steyn; Uys, C.J.
Aangesien 'n nasionale register vir maligniteit nie bestaan waarin informasie ten opsigte van kanker onder die verskillende bevolkings groepe van Suid-Afrika nagegaan kan word nie, kan die verspreidings patroon alleenlik bepaal word deur spesifieke projekte. Die resultaat is dat daar nog nie 'n geheelbeeld vir kanker in Suid-Afrika bestaan nie. Wat mondkanker betref, is kennis fragmentaries. Inligting oor die ver spreiding daarvan onder die Kaapse Kleurlingbevolkingsgroep is beperk en net sekere aspekte daarvan is tot hede uitgelig. Die doel van hierdie studie is om mondkanker na te gaan in die Kaapse Kleurlingbevolkingsgroep wat woonagtig is in die Skiereiland van die Kaap die Goeie Hoop. Met hierdie oogmerk, is alle mondkankergevalle wat in die Groote Schuur- en Tygerberg-hospitale behandel is, van 1970 tot 1975, nagegaan. Bewys wyse van vergelyking en ook om die invloed van eie kultuur en akkulturasie na te gaan, is aandag gegee aan ondkankergevalle van Kleurlinge woonagtig in die Skiereiland en dié in die platteland wat in die Skiereiland behandeling ondergaan het. Verder is vergelykings ook getref tussen die,Kaapse Maleier wat die Moslem-geloof aanhang en die Kaapse Kleurling wat nie hierdie geloof aanhang nie. Die mondkankerpatroon van die Indiërs wat in die Skiereiland woonagtig is, is ook nagegaan. Bewys wyse van vergelyking en ook om die invloed van eie kultuur en akkulturasie na te gaan, is aandag gegee aan mondkankergevalle van Kleurlinge woonagtig in die Skiereiland en dié in die platteland wat in die Skiereiland behandeling ondergaan het. Verder is vergelykings ook getref tussen die,Kaapse Maleier wat die Moslem-geloof aanhang en die Kaapse Kleurling wat nie hierdie geloof aanhang nie. Die mondkankerpatroon van die Indiërs wat in die Skiereiland woonagtig is, is ook nagegaan. Ten slotte is die genoemde groepe se mondkankerpatroon vergelyk met dié gevind onder die ander groepe wat in Suid-Afrika bestudeer is, dié in die res van Afrika en ook met dié in die ander kontinente.
Periodontal disease in an adolescent Caucasian population in South Africa - An epidemiological survey
(University of the Western Cape, 1983) Josephson, Cecil Aubrey; Dreyer, Wynand
The epidemiology of periodontal disease in the Republic of South Africa has received only scant attention in the past and consequently the available information is limited. The present study was therefore planned with the primary goal being to establish base-line information regarding periodontal disease in a portion of the population. The adolescent age group was selected as the target for the survey in that destructive periodontal disease (periodontitis) probably commences in many instances during the teenage years and therefore the group would be the one most likely to derive maximum benefit from preventive care and simple treatment measures which could be realistically provided by existing community dental health services. To translate the result into practicality a simple method of treatment needs estimation was also incorporated. In view of the diverse nature of the inhabitants of the Republic of South Africa and in keep with previously conducted studies, the presedt survey was confined to a single ethnic group. The population comprised all 3 .684 white pupils in Standard VIII attending the 34 schools in the Cape Peninsula during 1977. A random sample of 500 was selected for investigation. The average age of the sample was 15 years 9 months and the two sexes were equally represented. Only 7,2% were classified in the lower grade socio-economic class and thus were considered not to have a significant effect on the results. METHOD A team of three, consisting of the author and two assistants, visited each school. Portable equipment included a reclining chair, lighting, compressed air, and hand instruments. The investigation began with a questionnaire to establish the attitude to and experience of symptoms, prevention, and treatment of periodontal disease within the sample. Each subject was then examined and at each of 12 sites, on the 8 incisors and 4 first molars, recordings were made of plaque, gingivitis, supragingival calculus, subgingival calculus, and loss of attachment (periodontitis) according to defined criteria. A standard statistical package was used to analyse the recordings. RESULTS The questionnaire: This showed that almost all the subjects (98%) were interested in the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease in order to achieve and maintain oral health. Not with standing this.The overall prevalence of plaque was 97% and the mean Plaque Index (Pl.I) was 0,94 with 75% of the subjects having a mean Pl.I=0,5. The site prevalence data revealed that out of 12 sites, on average, 4 had Pl.I~O, 4 had Pl.I~l, and 4 had Pl.I~2. In the maxilla the molar sites had the higher plaque levels, whilst in the mandible the incisor sites had higher plaque levels. The sex-specific data showed the males to have higher mean plaque levels than the females, but in 50% of sample with a mean PI.I 0,5 to 1,45 there was ) had had any appurtenant treatment. The overall prevalence of plaque was 97% and the mean Plaque Index (Pl.I) was 0,94 with 75% of the subjects having a mean Pl.I=0,5. The site prevalence data revealed that out of 12 sites, on average, 4 had Pl.I~O, 4 had Pl.I~l, nd 4 had Pl.I~2. In the maxilla the molar sites had the higher plaque levels, whilst in the mandible the incisor sites had higher plaque levels. The sex-specific data showed the males to have higher mean plaque levels than the females, but in 50% of sample with a mean PI.I 0,5 to 1,45 there was no difference.
Age standardised incidence rates and age specific morbidity rates for intra-oral squamous cell carcinoma in blacks on the Witwatersrand.
(University of the Western Cape, 1983) Kola, A.H.; Altini, Mario
The South African population is made up of Blacks, Whites, Coloureds and Asians. Since each population group is distinct in its culture and habits and have widely differing life styles and socioeconomic levels an ideal oppurtunity exists for the study of environmental influences on the aetiology of particular cancers. In addition accurate epidemiological data is essential in order to assess changing .patterns of the disease and the efficacy of the prevention programmes. The aim of this study was to etermine age standardised incidence rates and age specific morbidity rates of intra-oral squamous cell carcinoma for Blacks on the Witwatersrand. All new cases of intra-oral cancer during the period (1971-1980) were traced. The population at risk was determined from the National Population Censuses of 1970 and 1980. According to the method used in the International Union Against Cancers (U.I.C.C.) publication (Waterhouse et al 1976 and 1982) age standardised incidence rates and age specific morbidity rates were calculated for tongue, floor of mouth, buccal mucosa, hard and soft palates and gingivae and alveolar ridge using standard World, European and African populations. These results indicate that in the population group studied intra-oral cancer is much more common in males and than females (5,55:1 standardised rates) most commonly affects the tongue followed by the floor of mouth, palate, buccal mucosa and gingivae and alveolar ridge and is a disease of the elderly occurring most commonly in the seventh decade in males and in the sixth decade in females. When compared with standardised rates reported, either for Blacks in other geographic locations in South Africa, or for other population groups in this country, or for selected countries elsewhere in the World, important differences have emerged which probably reflect differences in exposure to specific aetiological agents amongst the various population groups compared.
Phenytoin-sodium induced gingival overgrowth
(University of Stellenbosch, 1984) Radomsky, Jack Bernard; Dreyer, W.P.
Epilepsy is a fairly common condition and the anti-convulsant drug, phenytoin sodium, has been used in its treatment for over 40 years. Shortly after its introduction, the side-effect of gingival overgrowth was re'{XJrted and has been the subject o t of mw h research. Epidemiological studies showed that; gingival overgrowth developed in approximately half the patients treated with this drug, possibly indicating an individual patient susceptibility to this effect of the drug.
The amounts of fluorides (alkali-soluble as well as insoluble) gained on and in enamel of third molars from a high fluoride area
(University of the Western Cape, 1992) Van Zyl, Jacobus Francois; Grobler, S.A.
A total of 25 third molar teeth (erupted [9], as well as unerupted [16]), from subjects who had lived continuously since birth in an area where the water fluoride concentration was more than 1,8 ppm, were studied. (The range was 1,8 ppm - 2,64 ppm of F-). The subjects had no systemic fluoride supplementation. Tooth brushing with a fluoride containing dentifrice and, perhaps, occasional fluoride mouth rinsing was the only additional exposure to fluoride. The acid-etch biopsy technique was used to determine the fluoride and calcium concentrations at various depths on the enamel surface. The fluoride concentration of the buffered etch solution was determined with an adapted fluoride ion-selective electrode technique, and the amount of calcium by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Six consecutive etchings were done on the mesio-buccal and mesio-lingual cusps of each tooth; the teeth were then washed in an alkali and the same procedure repeated on the disto-buccal and disto-lingual cusps. The depth of etch of each biopsy was calculated assuming that human enamel contains 37% Ca and has a density of 2,95g/ml. It was previously reported, (Grobler & Joubert, 1988), that the enamel fluoride levels of the mesio-buccal and mesio-Iingual sides did not differ from that of the disto-buccal and disto-Iingual sides. The average etch depth and fluoride concentration value as calculated from the values for the two cusps per tooth were used for statistical analysis. The mean etch depths (pm) and mean enamel fluoride concentrations of alkali-washed and unwashed enamel of both erupted and unerupted teeth were tabled, together with the standard deviations and range for each etch. Contrary to the results obtained from a low F- area, no significant difference (p>O.05) could be found in the etch depth between erupted and unerupted enamel in this study. Graphs were plotted by a line fitted to the mean enamel fluoride concentration and mean etch depths values of unwashed erupted, unwashed unerupted, alkali-washed erupted and alkali-washed unerupted third molar teeth. These graphs were compared to the graphs obtained in a comparable study done by Grobler and Kotze (1990), on erupted and unerupted third molar teeth from a low fluoride area (F- < 0,10 ppm). Results indicate that the enamel fluoride concentration in the bulk of the enamel of teeth from a high fluoride area (> 1,8 ppm), is higher than that of teeth from a low fluoride area « 0,10 ppm ). In contrast to the teeth from a low fluoride area, where there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in the fluoride concentration of the outer layer (± 4 J,lm) of erupted enamel when compared to that of the unerupted enamel, no notable increase in the F- content of the enamel was observed in the present study of teeth from a high fluoride area (p>0,05). There was, in addition, no significant (p>0.05) difference between the enamel fluoride content of alkali-washed and unwashed, erupted and unerupted teeth, which showed that very little CaF 2-like material was gained by the enamel after eruption. In both studies the subjects had brushed with a fluoride dentifrice for a period of 1 - 16 years. It was expected that this topical exposure would increase the surface enamel concentration in the high fluoride area similar to the increase found in the low fluoride area. However, this was not the case, and as all the teeth from the high fluoride area exhibited some degree of fluorosis, it was concluded that posteruptive fluoride uptake by fluorotic human enamel without severe enamel loss is limited. This is in agreement with work done by Richards, Fejerskov, Baelum and Likimani (1989).
A comparative analysis of delivering different modes of dental care at district level
(University of the Western Cape, 1995) Khalfe, Abdulrasheed Dawood; Moola, M.H; Myburgh, N.G; Faculty of Dentistry
The aim of this study is to analyse and compare the delivery of oral health care services based on the prevailing curative paradigm and WHO-treatment norms for the school-going community of Mitchells Palin district in relation to selected alternative methods of dental care delivery. The optimal use of auxiliary personnel, purchasing care from private dental practitioners and intriducing water fluoridation was examined.
Oral healthcare of the patient receiving chemotherapy and/or marrow transplant
(University of the Western Cape, 1996) Solomon, Charlene S.; Shaikh, A.B.; Arendorf, T.M.
Between September 1992 and August 1995, all patients with haematological malignancies who were treated as in-patients in the Haematology Unit at Groote Schuur Hospital received a twice weekly, oral and perioral examination. Sixty patients were monitored while following the traditional hospital oral care protocol (chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, sodium bicarbonate, thymol glycol, benzocaine mouthrinse and nystatin). The mouth care protocol was then changed (protocol A = chlorhexidine, benzocaine lozenges, amphotericin B lozenges) and patients monitored until the sample size matched that of the hospital mouth care regimen (n = 60). A further 60 patients were then monitored using a third protocol (protocol B = benzydamine hydrochloride, chlorhexidine, benzocaine lozenges, amphotericin B lozenges). A statistically significant reduction in oral complications was found upon introduction and maintenance of protocols A and B. The findings of this study suggest that improved oral care and a structured oral care routine reduces the number of oral complications associated with chemo- and radiotherapy.
'n In vitro en in vivo studie van mikrolekkasies by tande wat met verskillende amalgaambindingsisteme herstel is.
(University of the Western Cape, 1997) Oberholzer, Theunis G; Grobler, SR
Die doel van hierdie in vitro studie was om mikrolekkasies te bepaal en te vergelyk in klas V kawiteite wat met verskillende amalgaambindingsisteme behandel is. Klas V kawiteitsvoorbereidings is vir elk van die drie sisteme in 16 kariesvrye menslike premolare voorberei sodat die okklusale rande in glasuur en die gingivale rande in dentien geëindig het. 'n Hoë koper sferiese amalgaam (Lojic) is onderskeidelik, volgens die vervaardigers se voorskrifte, met Amalgambond-Plus, Fuji-Plus en Optibond-Solo as bindmiddels in die kawiteite geplaas. Die tande is blootgestel aan 500 termiese siklusse tussen 5°C en 55°C in 'n basiese fuchsien oplossing as kleurstof, waarna hulle in hars ingebed, gesny en onder 'n stereomikroskoop by 100 x vergroting vir mikrolekkasie geëvalueer is. Diepte van kleurstofpenetrasie tussen die tandstruktuur en die vulsel is deur twee gekalibreerde operateurs vir elke groep bepaal. Statistiese analise van die data, deur middel van 'n Kruskal-Wallis analise (p < 0,05), het getoon dat Amalgambond-Plus betekenisvol meer mikrolekkasie toon as beide Optibond-Solo en Fuji-Plus. Optibond-Solo en Fuji-Plus het nie betekenisvol van mekaar verskil nie. Geen bindmiddel kon mikrolekkasie volledig elimineer nie. Die doel van die in vivo gedeelte van die studie was om mikrolekkasies te bepaal en te vergelyk in klas V kawiteite by vitale en non-vitale tande van 'n primaat wat met die Optibond-Solo amalgaambindingsisteem behandel was. Endodonsie was gedoen op sewe tande in die tweede kwadrant van 'n volwasse bobbejaan (papio Ursinus ursinus), ten einde non-vitale tande te bekom waarin die pulpale druk geëlimineer is. As vitale kontroles is dieselfde tande in die teenoorstaande kwadrant gebruik. Twaalf bukkale klas V kawiteite is in vitale-, sowel as non-vitale tande voorberei. 'n Hoë koper sferiese amalgaam (Lojic) is met Optibond-Solo as bindingsagens volgens die vervaardigers se voorskrifte in alle kawiteite geplaas. Na 90 dae is die tande geoës, vir 24 uur by 37°C in 'n basiese fuchsien oplossing geplaas, in hars ingebed, gesny en vir mikrolekkasie ondersoek onder 'n optiese mikroskoop by 100 x vergroting. Die gemiddelde lesings is vir elke groep verkry en met mekaar vergelyk. Die vitale groep het betekenisvol meer mikrolekkasie getoon as die non-vitale groep waar pulpale druk uitgeskakel was. Skandeer elektron mikroskopie (SEM) Ten einde die morfologie van die binding te illustreer, is een tand uit elke groep vir 48 uur in 10% HCI gedemineraliseer, waarna hulle vir 'n verdere 48 uur in 3% NaOCI gedeproteïniseer is. 'n Tweede groep IS vertikaal deur die kawiteite gefraktuur. Die voorbereide monsters is deur middel van 'n skandeer elektron mikroskoop (lO KV) by verskillende vergrotings ondersoek. Die vorming van 'n goed ontwikkelde hibriedlaag, met inkorporering van die bindingshars in die amalgaam, kon waargeneem word.
A shear bond strength, microleakage and laser microscopic study of two dental compomers.
(University of the Western Cape, 1999) Moodley, Desi; Grobler, Sias
Purpose: To evaluate and compare the in-vitro shear bond strength and micro leakage of two compomers with their adhesive systems and to examine the dentine-restorative interface under confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). Matoiats and Methods: For shear bond strength (SBS) testing thirty non-carious human molars were used of which fifteen molars were restored with Dyract AP using Non-Rinse Conditioner (NRC) and Prime&Bond NT (PBNT) and fifteen were restored with F2000 and Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus (SBMP). For the microleakage evaluation cavity preparations were made on the facial surfaces of thirty non-carious premolars. These were then restored with the respective compomer system. The specimens were thermocycled, sectioned and examined for dye penetration. The dentine-restorative interface was examined through a confocal scanning laser microscope. The primers of the bonding agents were labelled with rhodamine B and the adhesive resins were labelled with fluorescein and examined under CSLM in fluorescent mode. Results: The mean SBS for PBNT and SBMP were 12.8 and 18.1 MPa, respectively. The microleakage scores showed Dyract with PBNT leaked on the dentine side in 13 of the 15 specimens examined. On the enamel side 2 of the 15 specimens showed microleakage. With F2000 and SBMP no micro leakage was observed on either enamel or dentine sides. The CSLM images show clear resin tag and hybrid layer formation for both the materials examined, although SBMP showed deeper penetration into the dentine with longer resin tags. The length of the resin tags and thickness of the hybrid layer for PBNT was found to be approximately 10 um and 2 um respectively. SBMP showed resin tags measuring about 100 um while the hybrid layer measured about 5 um. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the acid-etch technique ofSBMP with F2000 produces higher bond strength and no micro leakage when compared to the self-etching/self-priming "non-rinse technique" of NRC with PBNT and Dyract.
Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions and oral health behaviour in HIV/AIDS patients attending queen Elizabeth ii hospital Maseru,Lesotho
(University of the Western Cape, 2002) Kamiru, Harrison Njoroge; Naidoo, A
To determine the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions strongly associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) according to the European Community-Clearinghouse (ECC) on oral problems related to HIV and the World Health Organisation (WHO) collaborating centre on oral manifestations of the Immunodeficiency Virus (ECC/WHO) classification and assess the oral health behaviour among patients attending Queen Elizabeth II hospital in Maseru. OBJECTIVES: Determine the prevalence of pseudomembranous candidiasis, erythematous candidiasis, linear gingival erythema, angular cheilitis, hairy leukoplakia, Kaposi's sarcoma, acute necrotising gingivitis. acute necrotising periodontitis. non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and oral ulcerations. Assess the oral hygiene practises of the HIV/AIDS patients. Provide baseline data and rnake recornrnendations to all parlies concerned with HIV/AIDS and it's oral manifestations (Oral health departrnent. prirnary health care and the National Aids Prevention and Control Programme). METHODS AND MATERIALS: A sample of 270 patients with a serological diagnosis of HIV inf'ection had a questionnaire administered by an interviewer to assess the oral health behaviour and then examined for oral manifestations. The assessment of oral health behaviour involved assessment of whether the patients cleaned their mouth. the regularity and frequency, use of mouth ,"vash. interdental cleaning aid and other adjunct cleaning aids. The presumptive criteria as defined by the ECC/WHO classification was used for the diagnosis of the oral mucosal lesions. Results were entered and analysed using Epi info-6 statistical software. RESULTS: The prevalence of the specific oral mucosal lesions in order of occurrence was pseudomembranous candidiasis 27Vo. erythematous candidiasis 26oh, angular cheilitis l4oh, hairy leukoplakia l2%. ulcerations l2%. necrotising gingivitis 5%. linear gingivalerythema 304 and non- Hodgkin's lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma at less than one percent. This pattern reflects the findings in other regional studies where pseudomembranous candidiasis is often the most common lesion found. A high rate of cleaning the mouth was recorded with 99oh of the patients cleaning their mouth. 82% of these did it every day. Only about24oh of those cleaning their mouth daily did it twice; the majority (70%) did it once. A low usage of mouthwash and interdental cleaning aid was however noted. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence (73%) of oral mucosal lesions was found. This agrees with the findings in many similar regional and international studies. Oral candidiasis was the most common (54%) group of lesions. The oral hygiene practices of the patients were good.
Oral health of 6-, 12-, and is-year old school children in Omusati region, Namibia
(University of the Western Cape, 2002) Uusiku, Happy-Joel; Louw, AJ
In this thesis, oral health baseline data is established for the Omusati region. It is one of 13 regions in northern Namibia with a population of 244544 (census 1991). The population density is 18 people per square kilometer with a population growth rate of 3%. Comparisons are made of the relationship of data obtained from the survey, with results from the national oral health survey as well as recent findings from other parts of the country. It is argued that caries prevalence observed in populations in a particular area, are not reasonable estimates of caries In another similar area, populations of communities vary widely. DMFT figures derived from national Also, the value of mean oral health surveys IS questionable in relation to local policy development and therefore caries prevention strategies must be customized to specific needs of that community. During this survey 75 six to seven year olds, 75 twelve year olds and 75 fifteen year old school children from eight different location sites in the four districts of the Omusati region were examined. The total of all target groups was 300 children and was subdivided into rural and peri-urban groups and along gender lines. This study sample represented 0.12 % of the Omusati region population. The mean DMFT for the Omusati region was low (0.88) compared to a DMFT of 1.27 with the National survey. The mean DMFT (0.52) for 12-year-olds was lower than the DMFT (1.2) found in the national survey Priwe and Herunga (1997) and below the national target DMFT of 1.0. On average, 37.3% of the sample population had caries. More caries was found in the peri-urban population (30.6%) than in the rural population (20.4%) as observed by Schier (1993), Priwe and Herunga (1997). Thirty-three percent of the 12-year-olds and 29% of the 15-year-olds have untreated caries. No filled teeth were observed. Fifteen percent of the sample needed extraction, 6% needed preventive care, 19.3% needed one surface filling and 4.7% needed more than one surface filling. The mean observation per sextant for the total sample was 3.47 healthy and only 18% of the total sample had healthy gingiva. For the 12-yearolds, only 14% were found with healthy gingiva, 86% of them bled upon probing and 15% were found with calculus. The chewing stick is still used in the Omusati region (44.25%) and the toothbrush (42%) as previous researchers have pointed out. Parents were found to provide the bulk of the oral hygiene information to children while clinic sisters and teachers gave less information. Hence there is a need to train clinic staff and teachers on oral health. The malocclusion DAl score was 18.3, indicating no abnormality or only minor malocclusion and therefore of insignificant public importance. Only 2% of the sample was affected by fluorosis most of which fell in the questionable range. Sixty-five percent of the sample uses tap water and only 15.1 % used well water. The average fluoride concentration in water in the Omusati region is 0.4 7mg/1. Future regional strategy should call for the improvement of dental manpower and district dental clinics, as well as for health education to health workers, teachers and the community.
Oral health status of children in the Western region of the Eastern Cape Province: a regional survey
(University of the Western Cape, 2002) Lambrecht, Anthonette; Naidoo, S.
Purpose: To assess the oral health status of 4-15-year-old schoolchildren in the Western Region of the Eastern Cape Province, by determining the prevalence of dental caries, periodontal disease, dental fluorosis, malocclusion and oral mucosal lesions and to create baseline data for planning oral health services in this region. Materials and Methods: The prevalent analytic survey was undertaken on 822 schoolchildren between the ages of 4-15 years in 27 different schools. The sample size selected for this region by the Department of Statistics, University of Pretoria, for the National Oral Health Survey of 1999/2000 was used. The data on 209, 210, 209 and 194 scholars in the 4-5, 6, 12 and 15-year-old age groups respectively were collected. The World Health Organization's (1997) criteria were used to determine the prevalence of caries, periodontal treatment needs, the dental fluorosis, malocclusion and prevalence of oral mucosal lesions. Six calibrated and trained examiners recorded the data on a survey form. The WHO survey forms were used for data collection. The data were analysed and processed by the author on Microsoft Excel 2000. Results: The sample size consisted of 1.35 % Asian, 51.89 % Black, 26.07 % Coloured and 20.06 % White scholars. Nearly equal amounts of males (48.3 %) and females (51.7%) were examined. The dental caries prevalence in the primary dentition of 4-5-year-olds with an average age of 4.43 years was 40.67%, with a mean dmft of 3,56. The dental caries prevalence in the permanent dentition of6-, 12- and 15-year-oldage groups was 67.62%, 46.05% and 67.92% respectively. The mean DMFT for 6-, 12- and 15 year olds were 0.05, 1.19 and 2.02 respectively. Gender differences and differences in prevalence of dental caries between the populations groups were recorded. The Coloured children experienced the highest dental caries prevalence. In the 4-5- and 15-year-old groups the males were affected more than the females by dental caries. Prevalent differences were recorded between rural and urban areas in the same population group. The prevalence of periodontal disease in 373, 12-15-year-olds was 79.09%. Only 4.02 % were in need of dental hygiene instructions and polishing. Dental education, dental hygiene instructions, dental scaling and polishing were needed by 75.07% of the children. Dental fluorosis prevalence in 450, 6-15-year-olds was 13.03%. Dental fluorosis did not affect 86.97% of the scholars; 10.63% had mild fluorosis and 2.05% was severely affected. The mean fluoride concentration in the drinking water in this region were 1.07 mgIL, ranging between 0.3-3 mgIL. Definite malocclusion was recorded in only 0.48% of the 12-year-old group, whom needed elective treatment. In the 12-year-olds, 99.52% needed no or slight treatment for no or minor malocclusions. The majority of children had no oral mucosal lesions (91.55%). The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was 8.5% in this survey. The most frequent conditions were traumatic lesions (1.96%), dento-alveolar abscess (1.22%) and herpes labialis (1.22%). The intra-examiner reliability for caries, dental fluorosis, periodontal treatment needs and prevalence of malocclusions was 97.66%, 100%, 88.89% and 86.67% respectively. The inter-examiner reliability was 98.75%, 98.34%, 100%, 100% and 100% respectively for the five examiners. Conclusion: This survey indicated a higher prevalence of dental caries in the primary dentition (63.48%), than the permanent dentition (41.3%). The mean dmft was 3.65 and the DMFT 1.2, which indicated a low mean caries experience for these children. The WHO goal for the year 2000 for the 6-year-olds of 50% being caries free has not reached for only 32.56% were caries free. The mean DMFT of 1.2 for 12-year-olds in this survey is below the WHO goal of a mean DMFT of 1.5 or less. The lack of available preventative service provision, were ) indicated by the low percentage of fissure sealants (2.8%). The need for dental treatment was highlighted by the need mostly for one-surface restorations. Preventative treatment, two-surface fillings and extractions were also needed. Periodontal disease was a major public oral health concern for this region for a prevalence of 79.09% was recorded for the 12-15-year-olds. The majority of the children affected by periodontal disease (75.07%) were in need of professional cleaning and calculus removal. The prevalence of dental fluorosis was 8.2%, 19.87% and 13.05% for 6-, 12- and IS-year age groups respectively. The prevalence of malocclusion was 0.48% for the 12-year-old group. The prevalence of oral mucosa lesions was 8.5% for 4-15-year-old schoolchildren. Therefore, the conclusion can be made that dental fluorosis; malocclusions and oral mucosal lesions were no public concern in this region. The major public oral health concerns were dental caries in the primary dentition and periodontal disease in all age groups. Recommendations: Dental services in this region should be directed towards prevention of dental caries in the primary dentition and periodontal disease in all age groups. The focus of dental services should be primarily on preventative programs and treatments. The public dental treatments needs indicated in this survey, namely scaling and polishing, restorations and extractions, consists of the primary health care package delivery. Currently, no evaluation tool exists to monitor the efficiency of oral health programs, no baseline data for the Province exists. Therefore, the urgent need for dental research and oral health service planning and delivery are recommended.
A survey of the occlusal traits in an adolescent population in Uganda
(University of the Western Cape, 2004) Bataringaya, Aisha; Ferguson, M; Lalloo, R; Dept. of Orthodontics; Faculty of Dentistry
Epidemiological studies on malocclusion have been primarily concerned with its aetiology and distribution. However, due to the varied and often subjective methods of assessment, many of these studies provide conflicting data related to malocclusions (Solow, 1970). To address this, the Fédération Dentaire Internationale (FDI) in close collaboration with the World Health Organisation (WHO) developed an objective method for measuring occlusal traits (Baume et al., 1973). This method was used to obtain the epidemiological data on occlusal traits for 14-year-old children Kampala in order to provide baseline data related to malocclusion. A total of 402 subjects were examined. Of these 65% were female and 35% were male. Thirty percent of the sample had at least one dental anomaly. The most commonly extracted teeth were mandibular first molars (43.6%) and maxillary canines (17.3%). The high frequency of extracted permanent canines in this sample is unique. By and large, many of the occlusal traits related to the canine are attributable to the practice of ebinyo, a form of dental mutilation, which still seem to be rife in many communities in Uganda. Similar to other studies (Massler and Frankel, 1951; de MuÅˆiz, 1986; Ferguson, 1988; Kaka, 1993), mandibular first molars were five times more likely to be missing than maxillary first molars while the ratio of missing maxillary to mandibular canines was found to be 2.5:1. Crowding was most frequently observed in the mandibular incisal segment while spacing was mostly in the maxillary incisal region, thus supporting the view of Brunelle et al., (1996) that although prevalence may vary from study to study, more people have malaligned mandibular incisors than maxillary incisors concurs with these studies. Of the subjects studied, 6.8% had a diastema of 3mm and more. Regarding space measurements, 17.9% of the sample population had at least one segment with crowding, 18.2% had at least one segment with spacing while 33.6% had some degree of incisor malalignment and 54.2% of the sample population had some form of space anomaly. About 70% of the subjects had symmetric molar relationships of which 54.2% were Class I, 9.2% Class II and 3.2% Class III similar to the universal distributional pattern. Crossbites were not a major finding, and were present in only 7% of the sample. The distribution of overjet was relatively symmetrical on the left and right. Negative overjet (anterior open bite) was a rare occurrence in an average of 2.4% of the population. In 77.6% of the population, the overjet ranged from 1 to 4mm, and in 22.4%, the overjet was either edge-to-edge, reverse or 5mm and over. About 7.3% had an overjet of 5-6mm while only 2.1% had an overjet greater than 6mm. Approximately 53.7% of the population had an overbite of 1-3mm. Edge-to-edge and open bite incisor relationships were found in less than 10% of the sample. Although ideal occlusion as described by Angle (1907) in the Ugandan sample is very rare, using the data derived from this study, normal occlusion as defined by statistical distribution can be described.
The role of traditional healers in oral health care in Kwa-Zulu Natal
(University of the Western Cape, 2005) Puranwasi, Randhir; Naidoo, Sudeshni; Dept. of Community Oral Health; Faculty of Dentistry
A qualitative study was carried out to assess the role of traditional healers in oral health care in Kwa-Zulu Natal province, South Africa. The aim and objectives of the study were to assess the oral care knowledge and practices among traditional healers, to determine the extent to which traditional healers can diagnose oral conditions and how they could be used in the provision of primary health care and prevention of the spread of HIV infection. Another objective was to use the information collected to serve as a guide for collaborative oral disease prevention programme development.Three categories of traditional healers were identified in the sample: Isangomas, Nyangas and Umthandezelis. The average age of the sample was 45 years and the majority was female. Most healers were in training for between eight months and ten years. All traditional healers reported seeing patients with oral diseases and 93% reported that they referred patients elsewhere for additional help. All healers treated their patients with natural remedies. Seventy three per cent of the sample reported that they treated patients with HIV/AIDS. Less than 30% of the sample knew that AIDS was caused by a virus and 47% reported being ‘told’ by the ancestors whether an oral disease was HIV/AIDS.In this study traditional healers were shown a series of ten photographs of common oral diseases and oral HIV lesions and asked to identify as many lesions as possible. Following basic training and education about the causes and diagnostic features of the lesions, 100% of traditional healers were then able to identify aphthous ulcers, 80% Kaposi's sarcoma and 73% could recognize cancer of the tongue. These results showed that given proper education, traditional healers could play an important role in early detection of not only the common oral diseases but also the oral manifestations of HIV/AIDS. In addition, most traditional healers are skilled in interpersonal relations and if provided with the correct information they could be very effective as AIDS councilors.The traditional healers demonstrated good knowledge of the transmission, risk groups and prevention strategies for HIV/AIDS and they could serve as an important resource of information and should be incorporated in community based AIDS prevention and other programmes.
Causes and prevalence of traumatic injuries to the permanent incisors of school children aged 10-14 years in Maseru, Lesotho
(University of the Western Cape, 2006) Lin, Htein; Naidoo, S.; Dept. of Community Oral Health; Faculty of Dentistry
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, etiology and types of injuries to permanent incisors among schoolchildren aged 10-14 years from Maseru, Lesotho. Upper and lower permanent incisors were examined for dental injuries.
Oral health and nutritional status of the children under five years, Queen Elizabeth II Hospital, Maseru, Lesotho
(University of the Western Cape, 2006) Linjewile-Marealle, Navoneiwa; Strydom, C; Osman, Yusuf I.; Faculty of Dentistry
The aim of this study was to compare the oral health status between well and malnourished children under five years old attending Mother and Child Health clinic in Queen Elizabeth II Hospital in Maseru, Lesotho.
Chewing gum therapy in third molar surgery
(University of the Western Cape, 2006) Otto, Stephanus Daniel.; Faculty of Dentistry
The aim of this study was to determine how effective a chewing gum regime is in treating the common minor complaints of third molar surgery. The efficacy of a six-day chewing gum regimen in reducing pain, swelling and trismus after third molar surgery was compared to no chewing gum therapy. Third molar surgery is an important part of any maxillofacial surgery practice. There is an ongoing quest to find new and innovative methods to treat the minor complaints of this procedure.
Oral mucosal and facial manifestations of HIV/AIDS in children (Cape Peninsula, South Africa)
(University of the Western Cape, 2006) Behardien, Nashreen; Moola, M.H; Dept. of Oral Medicine and Periodontics; Faculty of Dentistry
Currently, HIV/AIDS is one of the greatest threats to child survival in South Africa. It is estimated that approximately 6000 newborn babies become infected with the HIV virus monthly i.e. approximately 200 babies per day. During a 24 month period (October 1999 – October 2001), a descriptive prevalence study of the oro-facial manifestations affecting HIV-positive children was conducted in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. The study population consisted of 268 vertically infected HIV-positive children. The study was motivated by the lack of data regarding oral mucosal lesions in children with vertically acquired HIV-infection. The study design was descriptive, and the population included consecutive, vertically infected HIV-positive patients sourced from out-patient clinics, hospital wards and special child-care facilities. The children were examined once consent was obtained from caregivers. The findings were documented using data capturing sheets. The data was captured on the Microsoft Excel program and analysed using the Epi 2000 program. The results indicated that a large proportion of HIV-infected children presented with orofacial manifestations at some stage during the course of HIV-infection. Oro-facial manifestations were observed in 70.1% of the study population. The prevalence of the most commonly observed manifestations were: oral candidiasis, 38.8%; parotid gland enlargement, 10.8%; oral ulceration, 5.6%; molluscum contagiosum, 7.8%; periodontal conditions, 3.4%; and herpes simplex infection, 0.7%.It can be concluded that in this sample of HIV-infected children, the prevalence of orofacial manifestations is higher than, and comparable with the findings of similar studies conducted in other regions of the world.

Browse

Browsing by Issue Date

Results Per Page

Sort Options