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How far can we go? Assessing the scope of the Legal Professional Privilege in combating money laundering through the Real Estate Sector in Kenya
(University of the Western Cape, 2012) Mwangi, Jackline Muthoni; Fernandez, L.
The Kenyan government recently passed a law, the Proceeds of Crime and Anti- Money Laundering Act) (PCAMLA), aimed at combating money laundering. The enactment of the law underlines Kenya's avowed commitment to adhere to, and give effect to the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Recommendations. The FATF is an inter-governmental body that was established in 1989 by the Ministers of its Member jurisdictions? Its main objective is 'to set standards and promote effective implementation of legal, regulatory and operational measures for combating money laundering, terrorist financing and other related threats to the integrity of the international financial system'." To achieve its objectives, it, in 1990 came up with a set of 40 Recommendations that are today considered the best practices for combating money laundering and the financing of terrorism," To ensure that they remain up to date and of universal application, these Recommendations have been revised four times, the most recent amendments being in 2012.
Factors affecting the implementation of the family life and HIV/AIDS education curriculum in junior secondary schools In Abuja, Nigeria
(University of the Western Cape, 2011) Oyewale Bimpe Aderinre; Mohamed Suraya
The Family Life and HIV I AIDS Education (FLHE) curriculum was introduced into Junior Secondary Schools (JSS) in Nigeria to provide young people with life skills and knowledge essential for protecting themselves from HIV I AIDS. However, coverage of schools with the FLHE curriculum implementation is low. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that affect the implementation of the FLHE curriculum in JSS in Abuja, Nigeria. This study was a quantitative descriptive cross-sectional survey. The study population were teachers from public JSS implementing the FLHE curriculum in Abuja, among whom 300 teachers selected using systematic random sampling constituted the sample size. A close-ended anonymous questionnaire was administered to the research respondents as a self-administered questionnaire in English Language in their schools. A total of 300 questionnaires were administered of which 251 completed questionnaires were returned and analysed. Data analysis was undertaken using SPSS version 17 and included frequency distribution, mean score and standard deviation (univariate analysis), and cross tabulations of dependent variable (teaching of FLHE curriculum) and independent variables (awareness of HI VIA IDS policy and government directive; level of knowledge of the FLHE curriculum; level of comfort to teach FLHE curriculum; religious belief and affiliation; and cultural values of respondents). Chi-square tests and p-values were calculated to determine relationship between variables. The majority (72%) of teachers in this study were aware of the National HIV/AIDS Policy and the government directive to mainstream topics in the FLHE curriculum into existing subjects (78%). Just above one-third (36%) of the teachers had ever seen a copy of the HIV/AIDS policy and knew all the content of the policy. The study revealed that only 5% of the teachers in schools implementing the FLHE curriculum had sufficient level of knowledge of the FLHE curriculum. Majority of the teachers (71 %) knew the content of only one (HIV infection) out of the five themes in the curriculum, and 4 out of 5 of the teachers were comfortable in teaching the curriculum to students. Throughout this study, the autonomy of the respondents and dignity were respected; and their participation was voluntary. There was full disclosure of the purpose of the study. The respondents were assured of the confidentiality and anonymity of the information collected; and their written consent were secured prior to participation in the study. The lack of sufficient level of knowledge of the FLHE curriculum and the content of the HIV I AIDS policy and government directive among majority of the teachers were major factors that affected the implementation of the curriculum. Awareness of the government directive (P= 0.000) as opposed to the HIV/AIDS policy (P= 0.772) among the teachers was found to be an important factor to harmonize implementation modalities of the curriculum. The study also noted that personal perception (P =0.000), cultural values (P = 0.000) and religious belief (P = 0.000) of the teachers as opposed to their religious affiliation (P= 0.218) were important factors in the teaching of FLHE curriculum to students. This study has established that several factors among teachers that included awareness of the government directive to mainstream topics in the FLHE curriculum into subjects, knowledge of the content of the FLHE curriculum and personal perception to the teaching of the curriculum, as well as religious belief and cultural values affected the implementation of FLHE curriculum in JSS in Abuja, Nigeria.
The Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus to pure flavonoids and synthetic antimicro bials
(University of the Western Cape, 0000) Motlhalamme, Thato; Klaasen, J.; Fielding, B.; Daniels, R.
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that forms part of the normal flora of the nose, skin, mouth and other parts of the body. S. aureus infections range from superficial skin infection to more serious diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis or septicaemia. It has an ability to rapidly develop resistance to many classes of antibiotics. Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) poses a big problem because of intrinsic resistance to virtually all ~-lactams, and its tendency to develop resistance to unrelated antibiotics. Several studies have demonstrated the synergistic activity between plant extracts, their flavonoids and antimicrobial agents. Therefore this study was initiated to determine whether the flavonoids chrysin, naringenin and 7- hydroxyflavone can affect the susceptibility of methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and MRSA in combination with methicillin and vancomycin, and also to assess the effect these flavonoids have on the expression of efilux pump genes present in the two strains. Flavonoids are a naturally occurring group of phenolic compounds which have been recognized as important due to their health benefits. Interest in the antimicrobial activity of flavonoids has grown over the last two decades and literature has shown that flavonoids such as chrysin and naringenin possess antimicrobial properties. The antibacterial activity of three flavonoids (7- hydroxyflavone, naringenin and chrysin) was determined, as well as their possible synergistic activity with ampicillin, methicillin and vancomycin against MSSA ATCC 25923 and MRSA ATCC 33591 strains, using disk diffusion and microdilution assays. Neither chrysin, naringerin nor 7-hydroxyflavone produces inhibition zones in the disk diffusion studies. Chrysin and 7- hydroxyflavanone were insoluble in solvents for microdilution studies. In the microdilution assays, naringenin showed inhibitory activity on its own and combinations with methicillin and vancomycin produced additive antibacterial activity against both MSSA and MRSA. Increase growth inhibition was especially observed when naringenin was combined with sub-inhibitory levels of the antibiotics. Efflux pumps actively transport solutes out of cells. These pumps may be specific to one agent or may transport structurally different compounds. The pumps that transport structurally different compounds are associated with multiple drug resistance. Currently more than ten efflux pumps have been described for S. aureus. The presence of efflux pump genes was assayed by PCR and quantitative RT -PCR respectively. The results of this study showed that MSSA ATCC 25923 and MRSA ATCC 33591 share several efflux systems, which are expressed at basal levels. With conventional PCR GyrA, NorAp, NorC, MdeA, SMR and NorB were detected in both strains of S. aureus. NorA, SepA and QacAIB were not detected in MSSA ATCC 25923. MepA and SepA were not detected in the MRSA strain. NorA was only detected in the MRSA strain. In contrast, in the Real-time PCR experiments NorB and NorAp were detected in both strains. Whereas MepA was only detected in MSSA ATCC 25923 strain, SMR was detected only in the MRSA ATCC 33591 strain. Resistance mechanisms are varied and complex, but this study indicated that flavonoids can elevate the susceptibility of MSSA and MRSA strains to the antibiotics used. The exact mechanism by which flavonoids counter bacterial infection is not clearly understood. Further studies are recommended to investigate if the additive effects observed by the combination of naringenin with antibiotics are the result of a knockdown of any of the efllux pump genes.
A conceptual analysis of abusive charismatic leadership
(University of the Western Cape, 2007) Herbert, Brian; Conradie, E.M.
This thesis is based a conceptual analysis of the notion of "abusive charismatic leadership" within the context of the Coloured Independent Churches on the Cape Flats. There is also a specific focus in this research paper on Christian leadership within the Coloured Independent Churches. 2. In the Coloured Independent Churches on the Cape Flats, there is an ongoing problem of spiritual abuse. The main purpose of this thesis is therefore to identify and to clarify the multiple ways in which charisma can be abused within the context of Christian leadership. 3. In this thesis some necessary background material is given. A discussion on the notion of charisma, both theologically and sociologically is undertaken. Paul's understanding of charisma is contrasted with that of Max Weber. 4. This research paper continues with a survey of Pentecostalism and its view of charisma is also discussed at length noting that the Pentecostals place a high value on the charismata. 5. To accomplish this task of identifying these strategies of abuse, a literature survey of books written between 1990 and 2000 was done. This corpus of literature addresses experiences in independent churches in North America where spiritual abuse was prevalent. Similarities are then drawn between abuse in the independent churches of North America and the Coloured Independent Churches on the Cape Flats. 6. Eight forms and strategies of abuse have been identified.
Homelessness and violence: Freud, Fanon and Foucault and the shadow of the Afrikan sex worker
(University of the Western Cape, 2012) Harper, Eric; Shefer, Tamara
In this thesis, I will argue that one of the ways to think about the concept of homelessness and its relationship to violence is to trace the concept as it emerges in key theoretical texts of critical intellectuals who find themselves both in and outside the Western homeland. In attempting to do so, I limit this thesis to three key theoretical articulations from which the concept of homelessness can be extracted: the works of Sigmund Freud, Franz Fanon and Michael Foucault. In bringing to bear the life and work of these individuals, the hope is to conceive of the relationship between violence and homelessness in new and unforeseen ways. I propose to bring an informed interdisciplinary and gender perspective to bear on the concept of homelessness. Accepting the supposition that the body can be seen as a site of homecoming, I explore the question of who owns the body. This exploration is undertaken through an examination of the advocacy slogan, 'my body, my business', and the placement of the Afrikan sex worker alongside Freud, Fanon and Foucault. The Afrikan sex worker in this work is a new feminist potentiality in much the same way that homelessness offers new postcolonial possibilities.