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The constitution’s mandate for transformation from ‘expropriation without compensation’ to ‘equitable access to land’
(Cambridge University Press, 2024) Hall, Ruth
Expropriation without compensation’ (EWC) is a politically potent and simultaneously ambiguous term. It is politically potent not despite but precisely because of its ambiguity, in that it signals a radical departure from a land property regime that is patently illegitimate and unjust while obscuring how it is to be changed. It centres exclusively on the acquisition of land – thus on the nexus between the state and landowners – rather than on the distributive agenda – and thus on the nexus between the state and landless citizens. In this way, the EWC narrative sidesteps foundational questions of who should get which land, on what terms, for what purposes, where, and any wider agrarian reform agenda. These questions, which I have summarised as ‘who, what, where, how, why’, constitute the real politics of land reform and have been the focus of intense political negotiation, public debate and policy deliberation since the start of the political transition over three decades ago (Hall, 2010, 2015). Their scale and complexity have frequently been contracted into ‘the land question’.
Efficient biosynthesis of 3-hydroxypropionic acid from glucose through multidimensional engineering of escherichia coli
(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Zhang, Yufei; Yun, Junhua; Parvez, Amreesh
3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) is a top value-added chemical with multifaceted application in chemical, material, and food field. However, limited availability of robust strains and elevated fermentation costs currently impose constraints on sustainable biosynthesis of 3-HP. Herein, transporter engineering, metabolic dynamic modulation, and enzyme engineering were combined to address above limitations. First, a glucose-utilizing 3-HP biosynthetic pathway was constructed in Escherichia coli, followed by recruiting alternative glucose transport system to overcome center metabolism overflow. Next, the Cra (a transcription factor)-dependent switch was applied to autonomously fine-tune carbon flux, which alleviated growth retardation and improved the 3-HP production. Subsequently, inactivation of glycerol facilitator (GlpF) increased intracellular glycerol levels and boosted 3-HP biosynthesis, but caused toxic intermediate 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA) accumulation. Furthermore, semi-rational design of aldehyde dehydrogenase (YdcW) increased its activity and eliminated 3-HPA accumulation. Finally, fed-batch fermentation of the final strain resulted in 52.73 g/L 3-HP, with a yield of 0.59 mol/mol glucose.
Association between physical fitness and musculoskeletal health in firefighters
(Frontiers Media SA, 2023) Ras, Jaron; Soteriades, Elpidoforos Soterakis; Smith, Denise Louise
Introduction: Firefighters are often placed in situations that require high levels of physical exertion, leading to significant strain on firefighters’ musculoskeletal system, predisposing them to musculoskeletal discomfort (MSD) and/or musculoskeletal injury (MSI). Physical fitness programs are often recommended and justified, in part, to prevent injuries. The aim of this study was to determine the association between physical fitness and musculoskeletal health (MSH) in firefighters. Methods: A total of 308 full-time firefighters took part in the study conducted in Cape Town, South Africa. Physical fitness tests encompassed a non-exercise estimation for cardiorespiratory fitness, grip and leg strength for upper and lower body strength, push-ups and sit-ups for muscular endurance, and sit-and-reach for flexibility. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire were used to determine MSIs and MSD, respectively. A p-value <0.05 indicated statistical significance. Results: Every one-unit increase in AbVO2max, push-ups, sit-ups, and sit-and-reach decreased the odds of firefighters reporting MSIs by 5% (p = 0.005), 3% (p = 0.017), 3% (p = 0.006), and 3% (p = 0.034), respectively. Every one repetition increase in push-up capacity increased the odds of firefighters reporting neck, elbow and forearm, wrist and hand, and thigh discomfort by 3% (p = 0.039), 4% (p = 0.031), 5% (p = 0.002), and 5%` (p = 0.007), respectively.
Advance care planning conversations: What constitutes best practice and the way forward
(Elsevier GmbH, 2023) Nortje, Nico; Zachariah, Finly; Reddy, Akhila
Background: Advance Care Planning (ACP) conversations are a cornerstone of modern health care and need to be supported. However, research indicates that the uptake thereof is limited, regardless of various campaigns. ACP conversations are complex and specific elements thereof should be discussed at various timepoints during the illness trajectory. Objective: This narrative review delineates what ACP conversation should entail, and a way forward. Methods: A PEO (Population, Exposure, Outcome) search was performed using relevant keywords, and 615 articles were identified. Through screening and coding, this number was reduced to 24 articles. All the authors were involved in the final selection of the articles. Results: Various themes developed throughout the review which include timing early on in the disease trajectory; incorporating beliefs and culturally relevant contexts; conversations needing to be iterative and short; involving surrogates and family; applying various media formats. Discussion: ACP conversations are relevant. ACP is not static and needs to be dynamic as patients’ illness trajectories and goals change. The care team needs to guard themselves against having ACP conversations to satisfy a metric and should instead be guided by the patient's expressed values and wishes. A system-wide operational plan will help alleviate common barriers in having appropriate ACP conversations.
Skills and competencies in health data analytics for health professionals: a scoping review protocol
(BMJ Publishing Group, 2023) Nkwanyana, Akhona; Mathews, Verona; Zachary, Iris; Bhayani, Vishwa
Introduction Healthcare data analytics is a methodological approach to the systematic analysis of health data, and it provides opportunities for healthcare professionals to improve health system management, patient engagement, budgeting, planning and performing evidence-based decision-making. Literature suggests that certain skills and/or competencies for health professionals working with big data in health care would be required. A review of the skills and competencies in health data analytics required by health professionals is needed to support the development or re-engineering of curriculum for health professionals to ensure they develop the abilities to make evidence-based decisions that ultimately can lead to the effective and efficient functioning of a healthcare system. Methods Using Arksey and O'Malley's framework, this study will review literature published in English from January 2012 to December 2022. The database search includes Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, and MEDLINE via EBSCOhost, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Taylor and Francis. The reference lists of key studies will be searched to identify additional appropriate studies to include. The review will be conducted using an inclusion and exclusion criteria. Iterative processes will be involved at the various stages of search strategy piloting, screening and data extraction. Articles will be reviewed through a two-step process (title and abstract, and full-text review) by at least two reviewers.