Department of Public Administration

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Nursing personnel administration within a hospital
(University of the Western Cape, 1980) Thompson, Rosalie A.E; Beekman, Jan
The nurse qualified in the area of administration occupies a position with immense scope and potential in the profession and society. The task of senior nursing management is a matter of balancing and reconciling the values and aims of the organization with the values, aims, and professional aspirations of the nursing staff, and of related and interdependent groups of health professionals, while creating and gaining commitment to a wider concept of the service and the nurses' role in it. The balancing and reconciling of organizational, occupational, service, and educational demands with individual aspirations and expectations are delicate but essential if all available resources are to be optimally deployed. Success in the latter marks out an effective manager though it is difficult to measure this success. I believe this many-sided accomplishment is vital, for surely all philosophy, education, and research within nursing is valid ultimately only in its actual application to clinical practice. Professional nurses, fulfilling various degrees of administrative functions, are to be found in all areas and levels of nursing. It is the role of the upper echelons of Nurse Administrators (Matrons) in large, general teaching hospitals that this thesis will be focused on.
Nursing personnel administration within a hospital
(University of the Western Cape, 1980) Thompson, Rosalie A.E; Beekman, Jan
The nurse qualified in the area of administration occupies a position with immense scope and potential in the profession and in society. The task of senior nursing management is a matter of balancing and reconciling the values and aims of the organisation with the values, aims and professional aspirations of the nursing staff, and of related and interdependent groups of health professionals, while creating and gaining commitment to a wider concept of the service and of the nurses role in it. The balancing and reconciling of organisational, occupational, service and educational demands with individual aspirations and expectations are delicate but essential if all available resources are to be optimally deployed. Success in the latter marks out an effective manager though it is difficult to measure this success. I believe this many sided accomplishment is vital, for surely all philosophy, education and research within nursing is valid ultimately only in its actual application to clinical practice. Professional nurses, fulfilling various degrees of administrative functions, are to be found in all areas and levels of nursing. It is upon the role of the upper echelons of Nurse Administrators (Matrons) in large, general teaching hospitals that this thesis will be focused. Acceptance of nurse leadership and thus of nurses occupying the most senior administrative posts (in nursing) generally has been the norm in South Africa. Unfortunately, this approach is not universal. In some countries such posts are held by physicians or other non-nurses. In others, nurses hold the title but do not wield the power. According to Searle this has arisen because •••• role change to meet contemporary political, socio-economic and health care strategies has not kept pace with the changing demands and activities of the Health Care system2 ••••thus leaving nurses in such cases in historically limited rather than contemporary relevant roles. The discussion and appraisal of nurse leadership has resulted in various national and international bodies affirming the importance of the development of such leadership in ·order to ensure the continuing role of nurses in administration. The World Health Organisation has, in numerous documents, emphasised the need for nurse leadership3, and, together with the International labour Organisation (1977) and the International Council of Nurses, published a statement on conditions of work and life of nursing personnel. Recommendation 1Q states •••• There should be programmes of higher nursing education to prepare nursing personnel for the highest responsibilities in direct and supportive nursing care, in the administration of nursing services, in nursing education and in research and development of the field of nursing 4
'N doelwitbestuursmodel vir werkverrigtingbevordering op plaaslike owerheidsvlak
(Universiteit van Wes-Kaapland, 1990) Hohls, Orlando Eibert; Schwella, E.
Plaaslike owerheidsaangeleenthede in Suid-Afrika het in die algemeen deurlopend heelwat aandag vanaf owerheidsweë geniet (cf. die talle verslae en bevindings van komitees van ondersoek na aangeleenthede rakende plaaslike bestuur sedert Uniewording in 1910). Hierdie proses is sedertdien voortgesit, maar vanaf 1994 het dit verdere momentum verkry met die nuwe grondwetlike bedeling wat tot stand gebring is. 'n Verskeidenheid van wetgewing het gevolg wat spesifiek op plaaslike owerhede van toepassing is. Die belangrikste hiervan is die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, 1996; die Oorgangswet op Plaaslike Regering, 1993; Oorgangswet op Plaaslike Regering Tweede Wysigingswet, 1996; Wet op Ontwikkelingsfinansiering, 1995; Wet op Plaaslike Regering: Munisipale Strukture, 1998; Wet op Plaaslike Regering: Munisipale Stelsels, 2000; asook' die belangrike Witskrif op Plaaslike Regering van 1998. Hierdie verwikkelinge vestiq weer eens die aandag op die belangrikheid van instellings op die derde owerheidsvlak. Soos aanvanklik die geval was, is die oogmerk tans ook om onder andere werkverrigting en dienslewering te bevorder en effektiewe en doeltreffende aanwending van skaars hulpbronne te verseker. Hierdie aangeleentheid het veral momentum verkry met die Heropbou- en Ontwikkelingsprogram (HOP), wat in 'n groot mate op plaaslike oweheidsvlak afgestem is.
Co-management of marine resources as an instrument to facilitate conflict resolution in HAWSTON
(University of Western Cape, 1998) Murugan, Poobalan; Schulz, Carl-Erik
The living marine resources of South Africa belong to the people of the country. With a steady growth of the human population and the subsequent increased demand for food, it is imperative that the resources of our waters are managed for the optimal social and economic development of all South Africans. The ownership of the resources are vested in the state and it is, therefore, the state's responsibility to ensure that the chosen form of fisheries management promotes both sustainability and equity.
The centralisation of government departments in Northern Province, 1994-1998.
(University of the Western Cape, 1998) Mukheli, Azwidowi; Mphaisha, C.J.J
This study is an investigation of how the policy of centralising government departments of the former homelands affected various stakeholders in the province. There is general concern from the people of this former homelands that there is poor service delivery in these areas since the creation of the new provincial government. In attempt to cover social, economic and, political impacts of centralisation, data were gathered through face to face interview, mailed questionnaires and, telephone interviews. The study concluded that there is a great need of devolving power to the former homelands which are now called regions in the province, as an attempt of bringing back service to where people are. In a calculated move to use the offices in the former homelands, the government may also remove the pietersburg components of government departments which are not critical to the functions of headquarters and place them in Venda, Gazankulu and, Lebowa.
The new South African parliamentary committee system: its' role and effectiveness
(University of the Western Cape, 1998) Fisher, Hilton; Bardill, John
This study will focus on the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa with particular reference to the role and effectiveness of the new parliamentary committee. The committee system has been re-modelled. The historical roots and functions of committees will be traced so as to indicate to what extent their roles and functions have changed. Specific consideration will be given to the role of the committee system within the broader context of transformation in South Africa. The search for a system of government that is effective, accountable and transparent is in its teething stages. There needs to be a delicate balance between transformation and service delivery in order to effect a constitutionally - entrenched system of parliamentary democracy and administrative justice. The transformation of parliament is "work in progress" and the process will be guided by legislative as well as by operational changes.
The structural adjustment programme a food security in Mozambique - a case study production incentives in the traditional agricultural sector
(University of the Western Cape, 1999) Ubisse, Armindo Elias; Vale, Peter; Cousins, Ben
Mozambique has inherited from colonialism a backward agricultural sector based mainly in plantations of export crops, dominated by white settlers and a handful of foreign companies. Production of food crops, especially maize (which constitutes the main cereal food for the population), was mainly undertaken by the traditional agricultural sector. Combined events, from central planning of production to war and natural disasters, have made unsuccessful the governmental objectives of modernising the agricultural sector and making it more productive, in order to ensure a normal food supply, leading to a permanent situation of food shortage. The "free market" economy introduced in 1987 under the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), brought very little progress in terms of food crop production, leaving the country reliant on continued foreign food aid and imports. Recent studies of problems of low agricultural output in general and on the SAP performance in particular, have shown that the private sector, which is benefiting from SAP's investments, is biased towards cash crop production. The traditional agricultural sector, the biggest food producer in Mozambique, is facing integration problems into the new "free market" economy. This study has attempted to clarify the problems, which lie behind the difficulties in market integration of this sector of national agriculture. This is of particular importance, especially in this crucial moment of the ongoing regional food security project, within Southern African Development Community. The study has produced evidence of a lack of appropriate incentives within the traditional agricultural sector under SAP, mainly with regard to the marketing network and buyer of last resort in case of market failure. This includes absence of road facilities, rural shops and respective goods and commodities of interest to the peasantry. The study showed also that it is important to regulate commercialisation of food aid and food import, to ease the market for food crops locally produced. This could enable a gradual integration of rural markets. Conscious that the lack of the above-mentioned incentives may not be the only explanation for the persisting food shortage, I therefore suggest further research on the topic on appropriate incentives for the traditional agricultural sector, given its fragility and vulnerability within the free market economy.
Productivity in the South African Public Section: Analysis of current issues and future prospects
(University of the Western Cape, 1999) Layman, Timothy Paul; Lungu, Gatian F
This study examined the issues and concerns for improving productivity in the public sector in South Africa, aligned in particular with the processes of its fundamental transformation, and the aims and objectives of the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP). More than that, it provided the view, the approach, the strategies and techniques to bring about productivity improvement. Productivity is not presented as a panacea to solve all problems. It is presented mainly as an attitude about the importance of productivity that must be acquired followed by suggestions for how to bring about its development. To provide both a comprehensive and at the same time a focused approach to improving productivity in the public sector. A second objective was to describe new skills and proven strategies that could be used for productivity improvement. The study discusses various approaches to improving productivity in the public sector that can be implemented in a number of practical ways. A third and primary objective was to recommend a model that would effectively improve productivity in the public sector. This model deals with the quantification of productivity gains through the restructuring of budgets and thereby achieving significant savings that could be transferred to priority RDP programmes. This study used both qualitative and quantitative methods. The study reviewed both domestic and international published work and current research within universities, policy bodies, government departments and elsewhere, including a reconsideration of previous work. The following conclusions were reached and recommendations made: Substantial efficiency and productivity gains are envisaged through the introduction of various models for improving productivity which include a structured productivity improvement programme, the use of performance enhancing methods, performance measurements and performance related pay. Furthermore, savings, resources and capacity can be released by the RDP programmes through: Restructuring and reprioritizing the budget programmes by making small cuts in what were apartheid-serving programmes and reallocating the human, material and financial resources thus released for high priority RDP programmes/projects. International experiences show that a direct link between falls in public investment, physical infrastructure and decline in productivity exists. The effectiveness of the public sector to a large extent conditions economic development. The move towards a leaner and more cost effective public service in South Africa should be based, not on privatisation, but on the creation of effective partnerships between government, labour, business and civil society, and the building of high levels of community involvement in the local delivery of services.
Competition policy and its effects on growth in South Africa
(University of Western Cape, 2000) Mohamed, Khalid; Huda, S.; Black, P.
This paper aims to critically evaluate the New Competition Act of South Africa and further suggests that this form of government policy tends to harm the economy more than the benefits it reciprocates. The first chapter provides a critical overview of the New Competition Act, Competition Act NO.89 of 1998 which was signed into law on the 20 October 1998, but would only come into force on the 1 September 1999.
‘n Doelwitbestuursmodel vir werkverrigtingbevordering op plaaslike owerheidsvlak
(University of Western Cape, 2000) Hohls, Orlando Eibert; Schwella, E.
Plaaslike owerheidsaangeleenthede in Suid-Afrika het in die algemeen deurlopend heelwat aandag vanaf owerheidsweë geniet (cf. die talle verslae en bevindings van komitees van ondersoek na aangeleenthede rakende plaaslike bestuur sedert Uniewording in 1910). Hierdie proses is sedertdien voortgesit, maar vanaf 1994 het dit verdere momentum verkry met die nuwe grondwetlike bedeling wat tot stand gebring is. 'n Verskeidenheid van wetgewing het gevolg wat spesifiek op plaaslike owerhede van toepassing is. Die belangrikste hiervan is die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, 1996; die Oorgangswet op Plaaslike Regering, 1993; Oorgangswet op Plaaslike Regering Tweede Wysigingswet, 1996; Wet op Ontwikkelingsfinansiering, 1995; Wet op Plaaslike Regering: Munisipale Strukture, 1998; Wet op Plaaslike Regering: Munisipale Stelsels, 2000; asook' die belangrike Witskrif op Plaaslike Regering van 1998. Hierdie verwikkelinge vestiq weer eens die aandag op die belangrikheid van instellings op die derde owerheidsvlak. Soos aanvanklik die geval was, is die oogmerk tans ook om onder andere werkverrigting en dienslewering te bevorder en effektiewe en doeltreffende aanwending van skaars hulpbronne te verseker. Hierdie aangeleentheid het veral momentum verkry met die Heropbou- en Ontwikkelingsprogram (HOP), wat in 'n groot mate op plaaslike oweheidsvlak afgestem is. Met die nuwe beleid van die sentrale regering om die huidige aantal plaaslike owerhede deur samesmelting ingrypend te verminder, maar hulle terselfdertyd te verplig om steeds voort te gaan met bestaande basiese dienslewering en om bykomend ook infrastruktuur vir voorheen benadeelde gemeenskappe te skep en in stand te hou sonder noemenswaardige verhoogde finansiële bystand vanaf sentrale owerheidsvlak, is plaaslike owerhede al hoe meer aangewese op eie hulpbronne. Plaaslike owerhede .gaan reeds gebuk onder ingrypende finansiële en personeeltekorte wat op sigself meebring dat diens van hoë gehalte nie te alle tye gelewer kan word nie (verwys in dié geval. na Sake Rapport, 16 Junie 2002: 18). Gepaard hiermee word plaaslike owerhede onder druk geplaas om aan die verwagtinge, behoeftes en aspirasies van die plaaslike samelewing te voldoen. Dit bring volgens Fourie (1998: 221) mee dat "ten einde 'n diens van uitnemendheid te lewer, is dit van belang dat die publiek se behoeftes begryp word, nastrewenswaardige doelwitte gestel word en dat die doelwitte aan die publiek gekommunikeer word". Daar is egter terselfdertyd ook 'n 2 verpligting op plaaslike owerhede om onrealistiese verwagtinge van die publiek te temper in die lig van wat werklik bekostigbaar is. Gevolglik word plaaslike owerhede verplig om weer eens hulomstandighede in oenskou te neem ten einde daadwerklik effektiewe en doeltreffende aanwending van skaars hulpbronne te verseker.' Resultate salook op 'n gereelde grondslag gemoniteer moet word ten einde vas te stelof doelwitte bereik is al dan nie (Fourie, 1998: 221). Hiervoor sal kundigheid op plaaslike owerheidsvlak ontwikkel moet word ten einde die bevordering van die algemene welsyn van plaaslike gemeenskappe te verseker. Persone met die nodige kwalifikasies en vaardighede sal dus in sleutelposte aangestel moet word.
Challenges of policing in the new millennium: a case of Nyanga SAPS
(University of the Western Cape, 2000) Ngadlela, Mqondisi Abner; Bardill, John
The Beginning of the paradigm shift in policing in the South African Police was first seen in 1993 when the concept of Community Policing was first introduced. The South African Police Service that was formed through the Police Act 68 of 1995 subsequently adopted Community Policing as a Corporate Strategy of the organisation. There is a question as to whether some of the efforts reflect the necessary elements of community policing or are merely reactions to a contemporary political thrust for police reform. This study seeks to critically analyse the challenges and contradictions in Community Policing in terms of strategy and organisation. Nyanga SAPS will be use as the case study. Nyanga is one of the Police Stations in the so-called Black Township that has been engulfed by Community-Police conflicts since the democratic dispensation came into existence in South Africa. The highest point of this animosity saw certain people within the community between 1998 and 1999 reporting criminal activities to Taxi Operators rather than to the police. This study will be approached through gap analysis. The author will first describe the desired state of affairs in terms where the SAPS should be, in relation to reform policies put in place by the government. This will be followed by the analysis of the present situation in Nyanga, which will highlight the shortcomings. Then the study will put forward recommendations which should address the identified shortcomings. Based on that, the strategy that should inform policing in the new millennium will be developed. The author will recommend an African approach to policing as it has become apparent that the policing approaches are different for different countries and different communities. The author will propose full participation of the public in policing, in terms of determining policing priorities in their areas.
Grassroots participation in policy processes and service delivery: a case study of the western Cape provincial department of social services.:
(University of the Western Cape, 2000) Mpinda, Siyavuya; Mphaisha, Chisepo J.J.
Grassroots participation in the domain of public policy is assuming global significance particularly in the fields of welfare and development. Revived by the United Nations' resolution in the 1970s, many governments both in developed and underdeveloped countries have endorsed the grassroots participation ideals as contained in the United Nations' policy statements and resolutions. Accordingly, many governments have declared their support for grassroots participation and in number of cases, grassroots participation has featured conspicuously in their national development plans. _. A late arrival on the grassroots participation discourse, grassroots participation and civil society's involvement have also featured predominantly in the national development plans of the new South African government. The new democratically elected government pronounced in various policy documents and on public platforms, a commitment towards grassroots participation. Although many governments have employed the rhetoric of grassroots participation in their national·. development plans, there is however an accumulative literature which points to the fact that grassroots participation endeavors have· often been undertaken in a top-down fashion, with marginalized groups of communities often excluded. The central objective of this study has therefore been a critical evaluation of the manner in which the Western Cape Provincial Department of Social Services has implemented its grassroots approach in the context of policy. formulation and implementation and service delivery. An evaluation of the Department's grassroots approach has been attempted by assessing the grassroots structures, which the Department has established as vehicles for grassroots participation in its policy processes and service delivery. To this end, of Fourteen District Committees established by the Department throughout the Western Cape province, four have been evaluated. Through reviewing literature Oh grassroots participation, the project's findings highlighted a discrepancy between the Department's prevailing rhetoric of grassroots participation and the reality of the grassroots participation as operationalized through these committees. The findings indicated that the grassroots participation through these committees is far from the ideal of authentic grassroots participation as discussed in Chapter Two, as it is replete with elements of unrepresentativeness of the marginalized groups, co-option, political manipulation, centralized and top-down decision-making styles. The study also attempted to provide recommendations tailored to bring the Department's grassroots participatory process closer to the ideals of authentic
Transformation of the social welfare service in the Western Cape: Geriatric day care as an/alternative to institutional care in Mitchell's Plain
(University of the Western Cape, 2001) Maintz, Caron; Mphaisha, Chisepo J. J.
This Research Report focuses on the services delivered to the aged in our society. In particular, it looks at two State-subsidised old age homes in Mitchell's Plain on the Cape Flats that accommodate about 350 people. The central argument is that the present facilities available to them are inadequate, raising the need for the exploration of alternatives to institutional care. The objectives of the study were fivefold, namely, to investigate the need for community-base d services within traditionally Black marginalised communities; to investigate service centres as an alternative to institutional care in line with the proposed ideas of the White Paper on social welfare; to investigate the extent to which the bi ological, social and emotional factors of ageing contribute to lifestyle changes; to investigate how service providers can contribute to the emotional and social independence of the aged; and to recommend how t he model of service centres as an alternative to institutions can be implemented in Black communities. The methodology used included documentary analysis, personal interviews and the administration of a structured questionnaire. This combination of research techniques provided the researcher with valuable insights into factual information as well as the opinions and perceptions of the aged themselves. Above all, the researcher drew on her work experiences with the two old people's homes. The Research Report concludes that although some aged displayed apathy with regards to the establishment of a centre for the aged, there was a definite need for Geriatric Day Care in general and in Mitchell's Plain in particular. This would release families of the burden of caring for the elderly and would prevent and cure diseases that are often associated with old age.
Democratic decentralisation in Rwanda
(University of the Western Cape, 2002) Mulindahabi, Charline; Mphaisha, C. J. J.
Rwandan local government system is currently making an important turning point with the introduction of democratic decentralisation. This study was carried out in order to find out the prospects and challenges of democratic decentralisation in Rwandan context. From Rwanda's independence in 1962 up to the 1999 administrative reforms, local governments, namely communes, have largely failed in their mission of being basic development units. Democratic decentralisation was then introduced to bridge gaps and correct weaknesses that undemined local governance in the past. There are some challenges like generalised poverty in the country, the nonparticipation, and dependence syndrome among citizens that need to be overcome. However, there are also opportunities that ought to be taken advantage if democratic decentralisation is to really take root in Rwanda. The main opportunity is commitment to to democracy and decentralisation by all stakeholders, the national leadership, local authorities and citizens in general. However, democratic decentralisation cannot be attained quickly. It is achieved gradually depending on citizens' understanding and to the availability of the resources. authorities and citizens in general
How does the National Housing Policy of South Africa promote economic justice?
(University of the Western Cape, 2002) Boezak, Lynn; Gottschalk, Keith
Lack of adequate housing is a key feature of poverty in South Africa. After the first democratic election in 1994, Government has faced the challenge of reconstruction and development, particularly with regard to improving the living conditions of those most disadvantaged by Apartheid. Inheriting a housing backlog as well as a fragmented and discriminatory approach to housing policy, Government has sought to make adequate housing affordable to especially those with little or no income. This mini-thesis aims to assess the approach of Government to the housing crisis. It does so by evaluating the National Housing Policy in the context of key legislation and policies that have shaped Government's response to the onslaught of poverty. The Constitution, the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) and the Growth, Employment and Redistribution Strategy (GEAR) are the specific documents considered in terms of its impact on the nature of government's development priorities and its approach to addressing these priorities. The concept of economic justice is used as a basis on which to assess the Government policies in question. The Government's Subsidy Programme and its efforts to encourage private sector investment in housing are identified as the key strategies employed by Government to solving the housing crisis. The main conclusions are that in the context of unemployment and low incomes, the advantages of the Subsidy Programme are limited because the poor have a limited capacity to improve on the houses provided by the subsidy. Also the government relies too heavily on the private sector to provide housing. It is difficult to maintain consistent private sector involvement because this sector's primary motivation is profit and the low-income sector is considered a high risk investment. This is not an effective strategy in attempting to resolve the housing crisis. Furthermore, the benefits of the Subsidy Programme, while enhancing economic equity by targeting the very poor, are limited because it relies on the availability of supplementary resources for housing. The implications of these factors for economic justice are that the equity cannot be fully achieved while improvement in the poor's economic capacity moves at a much slower pace than their capacity to improve their social conditions, specifically with regard to housing. Much more investment in housing from Government is proposed. Initiatives that could be utilised more are the establishment of more public works programmes and savings-linked credit schemes. The mini-thesis concludes that the national housing policy promotes economic justice only to limited extent, because of the problems identified with the strategies to place more emphasis on mobilising alternative resources, which are difficult to achieve in the current economic context the country finds itself in.
Marine environmental education for a sustainable exploitation of marine resources. The case of Abalone poaching in the Hermanus area.
(University of the Western Cape, 2002) Cleophas, Noel Cyril; Hara, D
The coastal zone is a highly complex and highly productive environment in which components are intimately linked and interdependent on each other. Furthermore, human pressure and poaching remains an enormous problem within coastal zones and therefore necessitates an integrated and multidisciplinary development and management effort.
The management of public-private partnerships in restructuring the South African marine industry towards sustainable development
(University of the Western Cape, 2003) Arendse, Paul; Esau, M.
In the dissertation entitled The Management of Public-Private Partnerships in restructuring the South African marine industry towards sustainable development the author explores the thematic study of sustainable development through Public-Private Partnerships. The setting of the research project is a southern Africa case study of the marine industry in South Africa. The study develops a conceptual framework of how the contemporary discourse of sustainable development, namely, Public-Private Partnerships, could be applied in creating an environment for human security by restructuring its marine resource institutional economics towards community development enterprises. The objective of the study is to develop a conceptual sustainable resource management model that proposes new institutional arrangements between social, economic, environmental and political actors and stakeholders in the marine industry through Public-Private Partnerships. The thesis concludes to demonstrate how this resource management model result in equitable outcomes within the new institutional arrangements between the different actors and stakeholder in a Public-Private co-management system. It hereby applies the development discourse of Public-Private Partnerships in restructuring South African marine resource management towards sustainable development.
Domestic Gun Control Policy in Ten Southern African Countries
(University of the Western Cape, 2003) McKenzie, Katharine Mary; Bardill, John
The proliferation of small arms and light weapons in southern Africa is wide spread, yet under researched. This research report sets out current debates with regard to small arms and domestic gun control and analyses the global and regional context. Debates about domestic gun control take place within both popular discourse and policy circles, and impact on one another. lnternationally and in domestic contexts the debate spans polar view points which see either the right to own and bear firearms as fundamental, or the right to life, bodily integrity and protection from firearms as fundamental. Between these extremes fall most domestic gun control policies and laws. Although international law regulates the usage of chemical, biological and nuclear weapons, there is no international legal instrument regulating the use of small arms. At the same time small arms are responsible for fueling the majority of the world's conflicts, with 47 of the 49 major conflicts in the 1990s waged with small arms as the weapons of choice. Small arms are also responsible for over half a million deaths per year. The closest the United Nations has come to regulating this area is its adoption in 2001 of the "Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the elicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All its Aspects". This Programme of Action, which also covers domestic firearm policy, is taken up by states on a voluntary basis only. ln southern Africa there is a growing awareness of the negative impact lax firearm controls have on regional security. Recent initiatives include the development by the Southern African Development Community (SADC) of a "Protocol on the Control of Firearms, Ammunition and Other Related Materials". This Protocol will enter into force once two thirds of the SADC members have ratified it. At present it has been ratified by seven states, while nine countries are required to ratify it for it to come into force. The varied approaches to domestic gun control policy and implementation are set out in a detailed account of gun control in 10 SADC states (Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe). Policy, legislation and practice are analysed for each country and the relationship between gun crime, legislation and policy explored. Recommendations for the improved management of firearms, both legal and illegal, are set out in conclusion. These include the need for deeper regional co-operation and integration to tackle the problem of small arms flows in the southern Africa; the need for greater harmony within the region's firearm laws in light of the impact policy in one state has on its neighbors; the need for a stronger role for legislatures particularly with regard to oversight; the need to monitor the impact of trade liberalization on the availability of small arms; and the need for more joint operations between states in southern Africa to eradicate stockpiles of illegal firearms and ammunition. The success of such operations has been proven with the recent success of the joint South African/Mozambican Operation Rachel.
The Problem of Sustainable Development: The case of the Saldanha Bay community mussel farming project
(University of the Western Cape, 2003) Brierley, Errol Noel; Williams, John
Existing literature offers various definitions of sustainable development, yet very few efforts have thus far been made to move specific communities to such a state of development. Popularised by the Brundland report, the concept of sustainable development is understood to be that which "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs". However, the abstract concept of sustainable development raises various of questions concerning, for example, intergenerational implications of patterns of resources use and equitable resource allocations as highlighted in this study. This research indicates that the principles of sustainable development posed a veritable challenge to development projects. Hence, the confusion surrounding the concept, often leads to disagreement and misunderstanding in the demarcation of specific projects.
An exploratory study of the representivlty of African blacks (ab) in the Mossel bay hake fishing industry
(University of the Western Cape, 2004) Mqikela, Linda Ntomboxolo; Hara, M.M.

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