Magister Commercii - MCom (Economics)

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Tobacco taxes and tobacco consumption in South Africa: an optimal mix?
(University of the Western Cape, 2003) Mohamed, Ahmed Idiris; Black, Philip A
The mini-thesis challenges the applicability of the research undertaken thus far on the most efficient public policy measures to reduce the consumption of cigarettes in developing countries. Drawing from economic theory, it questions the findings and hypothesizes that an increase in excise taxes on cigarettes will have unanticipated effects on the addicted poor and middle-income smokers in developing countries. One of these effects may be an intra-household re-allocation of the family budget to sustain the addictive behaviour. Moreover, there could be substitution between tobacco products ( often of cheaper and lower quality), which implicitly could lead to higher health expenditure in the long run and may also imply a substantial loss of government revenue. The traditional literature that the mini-thesis seeks to challenge, generally agrees that an increase in excise taxes on cigarettes will result in a decrease in consumption . The literature further claims that consumers from low and middle -income social groups and countries are more responsive to cigarette price increases (i .e. have a relatively more price elastic demand), which this mini-thesis disputes.
The influence of organisational culture on information strategy formulation competencies.
(Univeristy of the Western Cape, 2002) Petersen, Salwa
The Rural Development Company (LANOK) is an organisation that does community development, including social and economic development, in the rural areas of the Western Cape, and that can be seen as an information-intensive organisation that maintains and deploys an extensive knowledge base It has undergone significant changes during the past eight years. The organisation is accountable to the Western Cape government where the seed capital for the organisation is held. In the old South Africa the nationalist government created a development agency in every province. Each agency's mandate was development in rural areas. The culture in these organisations was predominantly white, male, Afrikaner culture.
An evaluation of non-credit bearing entrepreneurial programmes of selected South African universities
(Univeristy of the Western Cape, 2007) Ramontja, K.S.
At its core the study evaluates the non-credit bearing entrepreneurship programmes, Skills Training and Enterpri e Programme (STEPP) offered by the University of South Africa and Students Enterpri e Programme (SEP) offered by the University of the Western Cape. The academic debate regarding whether entrepreneurship can be taught has reached a maturity, but there is still a concern regarding the best or appropriate methods of delivery. The rationale of this tudy is to ascertain whether a non-credited bearing entrepreneurship programme linked to experiential learning could create awareness about entrepreneurship to students across academic disciplines. Currently, there is no study in South Africa that looks at the is ue on non- credited entrepreneurship programmes. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of non-credit bearing entrepreneurship programmes. Having a university degree in entrepreneurship does not guarantee a successful entrepreneurial career. Non-credit bearing entrepreneurship programmes accessible to students from a range of academic disciplines could create or develop student awareness about entrepreneurship. The survey is the research method used, and the questionnaire is the instrument utilised in gathering data.
A critical assessment of informal networking as contributing to manufacturing firm competitiveness in the clothing cluster of the Western Cape.
(University of the Western Cape, 2011) Peters John Edward
The clothing industry remains an important contributor to the Western Cape economy both in terms of employment and manufacturing. During recent years the sector , viewed and supported by government as a cluster, has been battling against both internal challenges such as low productivity and unwillingness to change, and external factors which include trade liberalisation and cheap imports. Additionally , co operation and interaction among role-players seem to be lacking and ultimately affecting firm and cluster performance. Recent research has focussed on networking within a cluster context. That research questions the assumption that the mere existence of a cluster contributes to firm and industry competitiveness. The extent of informal networking was identified as critical to the competitiveness of firms located within a cluster. The clothing sector of the Western Cape presented an ideal opportunity to consider this link between informal networking and firm performance within a cluster context. Six clothing manufacturing firms comprising four CMTs and two full line manufacturers were selected as respondents. A literature review of past and recent publications on industrial policy, the clothing sector , clusters and networking was conducted. Qualitative data was collected by means of questionnaires and semi structured interviews with the six firms located in the Western Cape. Case studies for each of the six firms were developed. The findings of the research indicated that the successful firms proactively engaged in informal networking in maintaining and improving their competitiveness. The firms that reported limited engagement in informal networking experienced challenges related to productivity and firm growth and were ultimately significantly less competitive. Furthermore, network intensity and network range correlated with firm productivity and growth.
A comparative analysis of the different measures used o determine the size of the informal sector of the South African economy
(University of the Western Cape, 2011) Davids Shafeeqa
Since the concept of informal sector was first introduced in a 1971 analysis of the Kenyan economy, there were debates about the appropriate definition of informal economic activity, as well as about the estimation of its size. I n recent years, there seems to be a universally accepted definition of informal economic activity, which refers to enterprises that are unregistered, including those that employ workers with inferior working conditions and weak employment relationships. However, there i s still no real consensus on the method to estimate the size of this sector, as well as which aspects of the informal economy should be measured (for instance, informal employment, or informal economic activity as proportion of GDP). In South Africa, the informal economy is expected to play a significant role mainly because informal employment is relatively high (as proportion of formal employment). The formal economy is characterised by a slow pace of employment creation and a high rate of unemployment. Yet, according to recent studies the country is an international outlier with regard to the size of informal employment as proportion of total non-agricultural employment. Some researchers believe that informal employment is under-estimated due to shortcomings of the specific method used by Statistics South Africa (which is the official method). Furthermore, there is a Jack of South African studies investigating the specific nature and reasons behind inform a l economic activity, as well as the contribution of the informal economy y to GDP. As informal economy is important to absorb the unemployed who are retrenched and those who are unable to find formal employment due to reasons like a skills mismatch. an economic recession, and there are important linkages between formal and informal economies, which cannot be ignored by policy makers. Hence, various researchers suggested that other approaches to measure the informal economy should be considered . This study provides a critical evaluation of the various methods to estimate the size of the informal economy and of the results of the empirical evidence applying these methods to both South Africa and other (developed and developing) countries. It was found that there is no indication that the informal economy has diminished as a country develops. In contrast, in general, in both developed and developing countries, the size of the informal economies showed an upward trend throughout the years. The results indicate that in the South African context, the informal economy does play a significant role in terms of job creation and contribution to the national product. However, the method used by Statistics South Africa seems to have under-captured informal employment. This has important pol icy implications and it is thus recommended that more research should be done with a specific focus on the estimation of the size of the informal economy as proportion of GDP.
An exploration of female educational outcomes in South Africa over the nineteenth century
(Universty of the Western Cape, 2025) Damon, Faith
The study of female education, especially in South Africa during the 19th century, has been an understudied area of historical economic research. This thesis will aim to fill this gap by investigating whether gender parity existed between male and female educational outcomes. Using historical data from the Western Cape Archives Records Service and Cape Colony Census data, the educational outcomes of males and females will be compared and discussed. This thesis highlights the importance of female human capital development for economic growth. During British rule in 19th-century South Africa, Missionary activities proliferated. Mission schools provided education to mainly Indigenous and Coloured communities. The Missionary impact expanded with government aid but also reinforced racial segregation in schooling. In the 19th century, there were significant changes in the labour market, influencing educational access and gendered roles into the 20th century. The regression analysis of the late 19th century highlighted that Coloured females surpassed Coloured males in attendance rates. White males slightly surpassed White females. The analysis studied the impact of average attendance, school order ratios and total teachers on the enrolment of males and females. The early 20th century data analysis showed the same trend (Coloured females surpassing males, while White males surpassed females) for literacy rates. Coloured females surpassed Coloured males in terms of the ability to read, while White males slightly surpassed White females in terms of literacy. These confounding trends indicate a need for further research to understand these unexpected gender dynamics.
Investigating the psychosocial causes and effects of high Secondary school dropout rates in Sir Lowry’s Pass, Western Cape
(University of the Western Cape, 2023) Petersen, Savannah; Bayat, Amiena
This thesis explores the psychosocial causes and effects of students dropping out of high school in the Sir Lowry’s Pass community. This investigation is supported by secondary and primary literature and research contributing to the importance of this topic as a social phenomenon and as a developmental key factor in poor communities. The issues surrounding this phenomenon are complex, multifaceted and can have long term negative effects after dropping out of high school (Macleod, 1999). The issue of elevated high school dropout rates is a worldwide issue; it is especially problematic in developing countries such as South Africa. Most recent statistics show that approximately 3% of 15-year-olds and approximately 9% of 17-year-olds drop out of school in South Africa (Stats SA, 2020). Psychosocial factors related to issues of poverty, crime, substance abuse, teenage pregnancy, a lack of education and lack of employment opportunities are amplified in poor communities in South Africa. These influence behaviours, choices, perspectives and ideas students have about themselves and their futures (Frosh, 2003). These are experienced on an individual, micro and macro level. By using Human Capital Theory as a theoretical lens to better conceptualise this phenomenon of high, high school dropout rates especially in poor communities. The researcher gives developmental and economic context to the relevance of the issue by including Human Capital Theory. The Sir Lowry’s Pass Village is a semi-rural community located in Cape Town, South Africa. This research treats the chosen area of Sir Lowry’s Pass as a case study and investigates the issue of dropout rates through a qualitative research approach. This community was purposely chosen due to its socioeconomic and education characteristics. including the absence of a high school, limited youth development opportunities, overall underdevelopment in the community as a whole and the significance of high school and primary school dropout rates. This study aims to better understand why individuals from the Sir Lowry’s Pass community often do not complete their high school education and how it has affected their lives shortly after dropping out as well as over an extended period of time after they have dropped out of school. In addition, the study attempts to shed light on the community of Sir Lowry's Pass Village and its needs. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted including twenty participants who have dropped out of high school; these participants were purposely selected as the sample group. Semi-structured qualitative interviews with five key informants selected from the community with specific insights into the issue of high school dropouts in Sir Lowrys Pass were also conducted. The data from both interview groups were analysed thematically, common factors and challenges were identified as themes in order to transfigure the data into information that can be understood through a thematic lens. The prominent themes identified include poverty, crime, substance abuse, teenage pregnancy, lack of education and unemployment. These key themes were used to analyse the information further in order to develop recommendations and conclusions. The study's key findings indicate that the roots of high school dropout rates trace back to primary school challenges, the students' home environments and circumstances and the prevalence of poverty within the community. The success or difficulties that these students experience while in high school need to be further understood as these youth are going through crucial developmental stages of their lives. Finding ways to help these students transition to high school and make a success of their education so that they might be able to build a life of upward mobility and opportunity. Not only for themselves but also for their families and collectively improving their communities. Needs to start by understanding what the challenges are that are preventing them from being able to do so. This research attempts to highlight the challenges individuals that have dropped out of high school and what they experience as dropouts in order to make sure that dropouts are not lost in development due to challenges that they have had while attempting to complete their education.
Evaluating the impact of higher education on income poverty in South Africa
(University of the Western Cape, 2024) Magomane, Rufolzer Megokgo; Nackerdien, Faeez Mogamat Nackerdien
In South Africa, primary and secondary education is widely accessible to all individuals, thanks to the South African Schools Act of 1996 (Act No. 84 of 1996), which established education as a fundamental right for everyone and made it compulsory for children aged 7 to 14 years. However, higher education (HE) attainment remains notably low, South African statistics reveal a significant gap, with only 19.8% of individuals aged 25-29 having tertiary education (DHET, 2023, p.25). Yet, the acquisition of higher education may be the most effective antipoverty mechanism among South Africa. This study investigates the impact of higher education on income poverty in South Africa. To conduct this analysis, we utilized data from the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) spanning from Wave 1 to Wave 5.
Factors affecting the adoption of momConnect mobile application for pregnant women at the Retreat Community Health Centre
(University of the Western Cape, 2021) Mutangadura, Tendayi; Jantjies, Mmaki
The core purpose of this study was to examine the factors affecting the adoption of momConnect mobile application for pregnant women, at the Retreat Community Health Centre (RCHC) in Cape Town South Africa. The specific objectives of the study were to identify the factors affecting the use of momConnect intervention at the RCHC and to understand the perceptions of pregnant women towards momConnect intervention. Also, the study sought to identify the barriers of momConnect use by pregnant women at the RCHC and to provide recommendations on the effective use of momConnect intervention for pregnant women. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Technology Readiness Model (TRM) guided the study, which were the anchor theories in the study. Based on the interpretivism paradigm, the study followed a qualitative research approach as the case study research design as the research methodology of the study. Data was further collected using interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) from users of momConnect who are ten pregnant mothers as well as six nurses at the RCHC. Through a thematic analysis, the findings of the study revealed that there is a general understanding that the momConnect mobile application has benefits as evidenced by the generated themes arising from the participants or pregnant women’s perceptions of their interactions with the mobile application. Seven main themes emerge from the qualitative study on the factors affecting adoption of mobile health (mHealth) applications which are, (i) people’s traits; (ii) technological attributes; (iii) social influence; (iv) trust; (v) relevance; (vi) organisational support and (vii) organisational practices. The study recommended that there must be an effective collaboration between the nurses and pregnant woman to ensure successful adoption of momConnect mobile application at the RCHC. In addition, the management at the RCHC must put in place, a momConnect strategy and policies which will enforce the nurses to be more involved in the roll-out of the mobile application. Furthermore, the mobile application’s content can be improved to reduce the frustrations pregnant women user expreinces.
Economic analysis of the Shear Separation Floatation (SSF) technology for winery wastewater treatment
(University of the Western Cape, 2024) Mgudlwa, Tshawekazi Sinako
Difficulties in the treatment of industrial wastewater have become serious challenges in the water and sanitation sectors. The wine industry is among the industries that are seriously affected by the difficulties of effluent treatment to comply with environmental standards. One of the effective methods to control the winery effluent is to install a customised wastewater treatment plant or upgrade an existing plant for better results. Economic analysis is necessary to evaluate the viability of installing the plant as the method for the treatment of wastewater. This dissertation is centered on an economic analysis of a wastewater treatment plant proposed as a solution to improve the wastewater treatment challenges at Winery X by means of a case study. The case study is based on a Shear Separation Flotation (SSF) pilot plant installed at Winery X. The key arguments in study are built on the conventional Cost-benefits analysis (CBA) as the main method of enquiry. The analysis includes Option 1- keeping the existing system and make no change, Option 2- upgrading the existing system with a flotation device which will recover the treated wastewater quality, and Option 3- upgrading the existing system with a flotation device and a Reverse Osmosis unit. Option 3 is expected to recover the treated wastewater quality and reduce the reliance on freshwater intake by at least 50%. Applying all the input variables, the primary economic analysis was conducted. Then, the sensitivity of the results to the varying values of the key input variables was examined. The initial results for the primary economic measures suggest that Options 1 and 2 are not viable while option 3 is viable. However, the sensitivity analysis suggests that option 2 would be viable after 10 years, provided fines are levied for non-compliance while option 3 would be viable and be profitable in 5 years. Therefore, option 3 is the most practical and preferred solution.
The analysis of revenue productivity of the tax system in South Africa applying the buoyancy and elasticity measures
(University of the Western Cape, 2023) Bokwana ,Esethu
South Africa, like other developing nations, has faced challenges in revenue generation over the years, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in fiscal deficits and increased government debt. Evaluating tax productivity and system effectiveness gains importance in identifying revenue sources, areas for improvement, and ensuring fiscal stability. This paper focuses on buoyancy and elasticity measures to assess tax system responsiveness to economic shifts and policy changes. Utilising data from 1982 to 2022 and employing ECM-ARDL estimation techniques, the study analyses short-term and long-term buoyancy and elasticity. Findings reveal insights into the tax system’s revenue generation potential, highlighting its role as an automatic stabiliser. Notably, both short-term and long-term elasticities exceed buoyancy measures.
Comparing the economic development in the Eastern Cape and Limpopo provinces in South Africa since the advent of democracy
(University of the Western Cape, 2024) Mfumu, Zahra; Swanepoel, Christie; Yu, Derek
There have been many studies investigating multi-dimensional poverty in South Africa since the descent of apartheid. Segregation created during the apartheid era left specific provinces vulnerable to multi-dimensional poverty. This study investigates the changes in multi-dimensional poverty, with a focus on the two disadvantaged provinces: Eastern Cape and Limpopo. Households in these two provinces were severely constrained during the apartheid era. Given this fact, this study examined the economic development in the Eastern Cape and Limpopo to measure changes between 2005 and 2021. This research could enable the drafting and implementation of policies that are appropriate to the realities faced by households in these provinces. This study used the 2005, 2013, and 2021 General Household Survey (GHS) data to investigate the relationship of the non-income welfare index within Eastern Cape and Limpopo. The indicators include dwelling type, energy for cooking, water access, refuse removal frequency; sanitation facility; wall material of dwelling; access to telephone and internet; ownership to motor vehicle, computer, fridge, satellite dish/decoder, and or television. In determination to derive a multidimensional non-income welfare index, the study uses the Principal Component Analysis approach as a method.
Assessing the financial inclusion of micro-, small, and medium enterprises(MSMEs) in South Africa: 2010 and 2020 FinScope MSME data
(University of the Western Cape, 2024) Anthony, Calynn Kristen; Matsebula, Velenkosini
The financial inclusion of micro-, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) as major stakeholders in the economy remains meagre. MSMEs are the strongest economic activity drivers worldwide, yet many researchers have studied the effect of financial inclusion on MSMEs as it has become a global priority. International and local studies have agreed that removing certain financial system constraints can improve the financial inclusion status of MSMEs. Yet, local studies focused on this concept for South African MSMEs are scarce. The objective of this study is to assess the financial inclusion of micro-, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in South Africa. This study offers the first of its kind to use FinScope MSME 2010 and 2020 surveys to assess the financial inclusion of MSMEs in South Africa and uses the Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) to derive a financial inclusion index to assess the financial inclusion status of MSMEs. This study aims to fill the gap in the literature by using recent data and a different methodology to measure the financial inclusion of MSMEs in South Africa. The relationship between the computed MSME financial inclusion index and various explanatory variables is tested using the Ordinary Least Squares regression model. Thereafter, the likelihood of being financially excluded is measured by running probit regressions.
Determinants of export diversification in Rwanda
(University of the Western Cape, 2023) Umuhoza, Pelagie; Johannes P. S., Sheefeni
Since Rwanda gained independence in 1962, the country’s export diversification has become a crucial tool for enhancing economic development, economic growth, and Balance of payment. This is why Rwanda expanded the list of not only export products but also the economic integration blocks. However, the country’s export still needs to be of a better standard. The export diversification factors still need to be investigated for more efficient export policies. The purpose of this research is to determine the factors that contributed to Rwanda’s export diversification using time series data from 1980 to 2014. In this study, the ADF and PP tests were utilized to assess the stationarity properties of the unit root test, the ARDL model was conducted to test the co-integrating amongst the variables, while the estimated short-run ECM was also derived. The empirical results demonstrated that trade openness, terms of trade, and GDP per capita, have insignificant negative impacts on export diversification both in the short and long term, while infrastructure has a significant positive impact on export diversification. However, FDI had an insignificant positive influence on the country’s export diversification.
Examining the South African labour market outcomes during the coronavirus pandemic of 2019
(University of the Western Cape, 2023) Botha, Jade Joy; Yu, Derek
The South African labour market is distinguished by dismally significant levels of unemployment and even higher levels of youth unemployment. The COVID-19 pandemic imposes the risk of adding further pressure on South Africa’s already exasperated labour market and thus contributing to greater unemployment levels amongst South Africans. To combat the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the South African government imposed lockdown levels to reduce socio-economic activities and thereby minimise the health effects and spread of the virus. The continuous lockdowns unfortunately placed constraints on business activities and led to increased levels of unemployment. The outcomes reveal that the burden of this unemployment resultant of the COVID-19 pandemic falls to minority groups, such as the youth, African women and lowly educated. This study analysed the 2020-2022 Quarterly Labour Force Survey data as well as the first five waves (also taking place in 2020-2021) of the National Income Dynamics Study – Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey (NIDS-CRAM) panel data to investigate who were the hardest hit in the labour market by the COVID-19-driven economic lockdown. The specific focus was on the profile of people (e.g., gender, race, age cohort, province, area type, educational attainment, work characteristics) suffering the greatest increase of unemployment during the abovementioned period, with the aid of various statistical and econometric analyses. The QLFS data showed that low-educated Africans aged 25-44 years and those involved in low skilled occupation categories were most susceptible to job loss. In addition, the NIDS-CRAM data showed that for those who were still employed in February 2020, just over 50% worked in all five waves, 14% worked in four waves and 9% in three waves. Only 0.5% and 1.8% turned out to be unemployed and inactive in all five waves, respectively. Finally, for the February 2020 employed who lost their jobs and became unemployed in April 2020 (wave 1), 60% of them worked again but 22% remained unemployed in March 2021 (wave 5).
Investigating the discouraged workseekers in the South African labour market
(University of the Western Cape, 2023) Sauls, Jay-Dee; Yu, Derek
South Africa is notorious for its socio-economic problems, namely extreme poverty, inequality, and unemployment. These problems have been persistent during the apartheid era and even since the advent of democracy. High unemployment remains a pivotal factor facing South Africa. Despite the South African government’s attempt to reduce poverty through implementing and introducing new policies and legislation unemployment remains high. There have been a vast number of studies examining the characteristics of the employed and unemployed, but very few studies examined the characteristics of discouraged workseekers in great detail. There is lack of empirical literature that explicitly focused on the discouraged workseekers, yet it is important to know who they are and whether there is something that can be done to assist them to actively seek work. The study therefore will aim to conduct a comprehensive investigation on the discouraged workseekers for the period 1995 to 2019 within South Africa. Using the Statistics South Africa’s numerous labour market surveys in 1995-2019, as well as the first five available waves of the National Income Dynamics Study data conducted in 2008- 2016, the empirical findings showed that discouraged workseekers are most likely to be of the African race, females, between the ages of 25 and 34 years old, with incomplete secondary education, residing within rural areas and primarily in KwaZulu-Natal. The study concluded by suggesting various policy recommendations to provide further support to the discouraged workseekers, such as the promotion of volunteer work, promotion of quality and quantity of education, promote transport subsidies for job seeking and lastly to review the National Minimum Wage.
Investigating school-level and out-of-school factors influencing the performance at selected secondary schools in the Eastern Cape Province, Amathole west district
(University of the Western Cape, 2023) Kohli, Nontandazo; Bayat, Amiena
Education is considered vital not only for personal development but also for community development and the social development and economic prosperity of countries. The quality of basic education in post-apartheid South Africa has become a public concern as South Africa’s learners rank below many other developing countries in internationally benchmarked measures, including its poorer neighbours. Grade repetition and drop-out rates are alarmingly high indicators that, despite many interventions by the national government over the past three decades, the basic education system is not working. Underperformance in South African secondary schools is particularly characteristic of historically and economically disadvantaged areas such as the Amathole District Municipality in the Eastern Cape province. The passes obtained in the National Senior Certificate (NSC) examination are considered a benchmark of performance in Grade 12, the exiting year of basic schooling. This study investigated the school-level and out-of-school-level factors that influence the underperformance of selected schools in the Amathole West education district that perform poorly in the NSC examinations.
An analysis of management's approach to occupational health and safety in the Western Cape chemical sector
(University of the Western Cape, 2002) Le Roux, P.J; Hirschsohn, P
Employers in South Africa are keen to be referred to as being responsible when dealing with workplace health and safety. However, the poor health and safety record of South African companies generally and especially in the mining and fishing sectors is internationally known. Many observers comment that the picture at plant level does not reflect a commitment and willingness by management to even implement the minimum standards stipulated by legislation without pressure from external sources such as government enforcement agencies or export market pressure. It is well known that the lives of black labourers were worth little during the apartheid era as workers were simply replaced when injured, killed or unable to perform duties due to illness. This legacy still exists today under high unemployment rate in the country does not allow workers the freedom to turn down jobs in high-risk environments or to refuse unsafe tasks. The steady increase of work-related injuries and diseases reported under the Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act it came into effect in 1993, is sufficient proof of this sad state of affairs with 289 952 accidents and 3615 occupational diseases reported during the 199711998 financial year. The fatality rate reported in 1996 was 2 220 inclusive of all sectors in the economy. These figures illustrate the need for a new mental model that will value human life irrespective of colour or status in the economy.
A comparative analysis of multidimensional poverty in South Africa focusing on the Western Cape and Eastern Cape between 1996 and 2016
(University of the Western Cape, 2022) Draai, Eden-Lee; Beukes, Rochelle
Remarkable progress has been made in South Africa since the transition from Apartheid to a democracy. Despite this, socio-economic challenges persist, and poverty remains a major problem in post-apartheid South Africa. Considerable efforts have been undertaken by the government to alleviate poverty among the people of South Africa by implementing various policies and programmes. Unfortunately, the nature of these programmes has not demonstrated a large impact on changing poverty holistically and on a sustained basis as the extent of poverty is still very different across provinces. When trying to understand the nature and extent of poverty, many local studies focus on the money-metric approach to measuring poverty. However, poverty is a multidimensional concept hence, this thesis will concentrate on measuring multidimensional non-money-metric poverty levels and trends. By applying the fuzzy sets approach, this thesis aims to determine how poverty levels and trends of non-money-metric poverty in South Africa have changed between 1996 and 2016. After which the Western Cape and Eastern Cape will be compared by investigating the differences in multidimensional poverty levels and trends between the two provinces. The data utilized are the 10% sample Censuses of 1996, 2001 and 2011 as well as the Community Surveys of 2007 and 2016.
The decentralisation of primary health care in the metropolitan region of Cape Town
(University of the Western Cape, 2002) Sechel, Shaheeda; Black, P.A.
In the interest of holistic integrated management, all functions and resources of primary health care should be transferred to the local authority through the process of decentralisation. Thereby placing all such services under a single authority. The reallocation of resources to local authority alternatives can reduce the cost of providing primary health care seryices. Such reduction does not necessarily imply budgetary savings; rather, it may imply increasing the number of people who are served or improving the quality of services for a given level of expenditure. The motive for decentralisation, if any, emerges from the majoritarian nature of the political process, efficiency and equity considerations.

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