Magister Philosophiae - MPhil (Statistics and Population Studies)

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Labour force participation among African female migrants in South Africa: the case of Gauteng province
(University of the Western Cape, 2023) Mfolo, Pontsho Justinus; Nsengiyumva, Philomene
The African female migration theme has several dynamic components and characteristics that have not been fully explored. In the South African context, the influence of the labour force participation among African female migrants in Gauteng province, is one such case. African female migrants frequently migrate to South Africa’s Gauteng province in search of better opportunities. Many are forced to migrate due to a lack of employment opportunities in their home countries. This study used secondary data from the 2001 and 2011 Population Censuses obtained from Statistics South Africa. The study focused on socio-demographic, socio-economic, and migration aspects such as age group, marital status, level of education, employment status, level of income, occupation, type of sector, reasons for not working, country of birth and year of movement. Firstly, the method of analysis includes univariate analysis, using graphs to display the characteristics of African female migrants. Secondly, bivariate analysis uses cross-tabulation and the Chi-square test of Independence to determine the relationship between two variables, and lastly multivariate analysis, which incorporated the multinomial logistic regression technique to estimate the odds ratio of the dependent variables. The analysis was performed using the SPSS version 28. The findings reveal that majority of female migrants working in Gauteng province came from Zimbabwe. Based on the study’s findings, most of the African female migrants who participated in labour force were employed in the Gauteng province, many were not married and that most of the African female migrants had completed secondary education. Furthermore, the results revealed that the greatest number of African female migrants worked mainly in the informal sector as domestic workers or related helpers. Moreover, the study reveals that age group, marital status, level of education, employment status and level of income are the main contributing factors to labour force participation in Gauteng province. Since most African female migrants are working in the informal sector in Gauteng province, the government should enforce regulations that protect migrant workers. The government should also encourage the feminisation of migration, which will increase women’s empowerment and involvement in economic growth.
The determinants of mothers’ access to antenatal healthcare in South Africa: insights from the Eastern Cape province
(2023) Bhosale, Shenitha; Nsengiyumva, Philomene
Eastern Cape Province has historically experienced challenges in its improvements and provisions for women’s access to primary healthcare facilities. Women in the Eastern Cape province continue to lack access to antenatal care; in some cases, the mother and unborn child suffer terrible consequences. For this reason, the study aimed to identify the profile of women who access and utilise antenatal care in Eastern Cape Province. The study measured the relationship between women’s socio-demographic, socio-economic characteristics and the timing of antenatal healthcare, number of antenatal healthcare visits, and blood pressure monitoring among women living in the Eastern Cape. The study used data from the South African Demographic and Health Survey 2016. In this study, univariate analysis was employed to define the characteristics of the women. Bivariate analysis was used through cross-tabulation to determine the relationship between the women's characteristics, the timing of the antenatal healthcare visit, the number of antenatal healthcare visits, and whether their blood pressure was taken during pregnancy. Chi-square testing was conducted to assess the association between the women's characteristics and access to antenatal healthcare. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to identify the factors influencing antenatal healthcare access. The data was analysed using SPSS version 28 and Excel. The study found that age, marital status, population group, wealth index and working status influenced the women’s timing of their first antenatal healthcare visit, the number of antenatal healthcare visits and their blood pressure being monitored during pregnancy. Therefore, the South African Government, specifically the Policy Makers and the Eastern Cape Department of Health, must consider increasing awareness of the importance of proper antenatal healthcare utilisation.
The factors associated with the access to early childhood development (ecd) facilities in South Africa: insight from the 2021 general household survey (ghs)
(University of the Western Cape, 2023) Shikwambane, Elia; Nsengiyumva, Philomene
Despite South Africa being a developed country, it has one of the highest and most persistent inequality rates in the world and this disparity is evident in the education sector. However, the country has sufficient resources to support children's education on all levels, but the number of children accessing education, the quality of education they receive, and the condition of their learning environment are causes for concern, especially the accessibility of Early Childhood Development (ECD) facilities in the nine provinces of South Africa. This study investigates the socio-economic and socio-demographic determinants that impact children aged six and younger’s accessibility to ECD centres. Factors, such as head of household, age, demographic group, level of education, employment status, income level, residential location, father part of household and mother part of household, are all considered. The study used data from the 2021 General Household Survey, which was obtained from the University of Cape Town’s DataFirst website, which was acquired from Statistics South Africa. The study employed univariate analysis, bivariate analysis, cross-tabulation using the Chi-square test of Independence and Multinomial Logistic Regression techniques to examine the associations or relationships between the type of ECD facilities, main reasons for not attending the ECD facilities and the place where the children spend most of their time with the socio-economic and socio-demographic factors. The data was analysed using both the Microsoft Excel and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28 software programmes. A hypothesis was specified to determine the probability of a young child enrolling in a particular type of ECD centre, as well as the primary reasons for not doing so. There is a positive relationship between father participation and the access to and utilization of early childhood development (ECD) services. Children residing with both biological parents exhibit a higher propensity to utilize childcare services such as a Gogo or a nanny. Young families frequently utilize Gogo and childminder services to visit playgrounds while mothers who are actively engaged in their children’s lives are more inclined to utilize ECD services.
Assessing some socio-economic and demographic changes affecting the employment in the informal sector between the years 2017 and 2020
(University of the Western Cape, 2024) Mkulisi, Sibusisiwe; Appunni, Sathiya
In most developing countries, the informal workforce comprises over half of the total workforce, reaching approximately 68.5% in South Africa. This category includes self-employed individuals in informal enterprises and wage workers in informal jobs. Multiple pressures, such as escalating youth unemployment, rapid urbanization, heightened migration in economically advanced provinces, and persistent financial crises, have collectively driven the growth of the informal sector during periods of economic instability in South Africa's labour market. From a socio-demographic standpoint, this study examines the structural shifts that impact informal employment. Specifically, it evaluates how socio-demographic variables such as age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, and education are related to work within the informal sector. Moreover, this research adopts a comparative approach, assessing how these variables manifest changes in informal sector employment between 2017 and 2020.
The determinants of under-five child mortality in the state of Palestine and Malawi: A comparative study
(University of the Western Cape, 2022) Hera, Robynn Ashley; Stiegler, Nancy
Mortality is one of the significant vital events for which a government collects data, especially child mortality, because it is one of the contributing indicators that are used to assess the wellbeing of a nation. Globally, in the public health sphere, under-five child mortality remains a major concern, especially in developing countries. There has been significant progress made to reduce under-five child mortality rates since 1990s. The global under-five child mortality rate has dropped by 60%, from 93 deaths per 1 000 live births in 1990 to 37 deaths per 1 000 live births in 2020.
Demographic and health impact of alcohol and tobacco in Cameroon and Albania
(University of the Western Cape, 2022) Karriem, Ahmed Tawfeeq; Stiegler, Nancy
The aim of this article is to illustrate a comparative analysis of the prevalence of alcohol and tobacco use and its impact on demographic and health indicators in Cameroon and Albania. Tobacco is the leading cause of death, illness and impoverishment. It kills more than eight million people each year; of which around 1.2 million are the result of non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke (WHO, 2021). The harmful use of alcohol is also a global problem resulting in millions of deaths, it is not only a causal factor in many diseases, but also a precursor to injury, violence and risky sexual behaviour. The evolving methods of consumption and harmful byproducts are not fully being attenuated to prevent initiation or discourage its continuance. The issue is that alcohol and tobacco industries provide enticingly substantial economic benefits.
Determinants of access and utilization of health care facilities among women in South Africa: The case of the Eastern Cape province
(University of the Western Cape, 2022) Abrams, Robynne Danielle; Nsengiyumva, Philomene
Access to healthcare is a requirement for human well-being. However, women who seek medical care when needed are still confronted with significant access barriers. This study aimed to identify the factors influencing the access and utilization of healthcare facilities among female household heads in South Africa, particularly in the Eastern Cape Province. The study used socio-economic and socio-demographic characteristics such as age, level of education, monthly household income, area of residence, employment status and medical aid membership to measure the relationship between the types of healthcare facilities women utilize, the travelling time to healthcare facilities and the means of transport they use to access healthcare facilities in the Eastern Cape Province.
Differentials in school attendance in South Africa: A household situational analysis across the Provinces
(University of the Western Cape, 2008) Koledade, Odesoji Adebanji; Tati, G.
The thesis examines the patterns of school attendance across the nine Provinces of South Africa. With reference to individuals of eligible age, school attendance is conceived of three statuses: effective attendance (those who are presently attending an educational institution), definitive non-attendance (those with no intentions of going back to school), and temporary non-attendance (possibility of going back to the educational system within a specified time frame). The focus of the study is on the primary and secondary levels of schooling. A household based approach is pursued to profile the extent to which young people aged 20 years and below either who attend/do not attend schooling institutions in each of the nine Provinces. Differentials in school attendance are examined along the lines of some socio-demographic and spatial variables drawn from the 2004 general household survey conducted by Statistics South Africa. The core hypothesis is that school attendance is subjected to the influence of both individual attributes and household characteristics. The study also attempts to profile the causes of non-attendance (definitive and temporary) through a set of instrumental variables. To complement this subjective profiling, appropriate statistical methods are used to assess the significance of contributing factors to non-school attendance at the household level.
Determinants of household access to and perceived quality of water in South Africa
(University of the Western Cape, 2022) Oyowe, Comfort Oritsebemigho; Tati, Gabriel
Like many African countries, South Africa is challenged with uneven distribution and insufficient access to potable water. The issue of inadequate access to water is more pronounced in the marginalized region where most households that rely on surface water reside. Indeed, issues relating to access to water, unequal distribution and water quality perception among households remain underexplored, given that Water crises is one of the global threats in terms of societal effect and development and have been projected to be the most concerning risk ahead of climate change, extreme weather events and food crises.
Some Distributive Patterns in the Housing Programme and Subsidies: A situational analysis with special reference to Khayelitsha and other informal settlement in the city of Cape Town.
(University of the Western Cape, 2008) Njokweni, Xoliswa; Tati, Gabriel
The study provides a situational analysis of some distributive patterns in the housing programme and subsidies. The overall research question revolved around the extent to which the post-apartheid housing policy responds to issues of establishing integrated sustainable human settlement. The methodology of the study outlined different instruments, public records, and reports at the local level, survey of housing applicants in the concerned communities. Basic indicators were developed to perform the assessment of the policy, outcomes achieved so far, structures to identify institutional problem affecting the process of policy implementation, and in final analysis, to collect the view points of effective and potential beneficiaries of housing programmes subsidies. The case of Khayelitsha examined in the study is a strong illustration of the magnitude of problems associated with housing delivery in disadvantaged areas. These problems are multidimensional and reflect in the overall, poverty context in which people live. Some indications from the policy implementation suggest substantial progress and significant outcomes in regard to the provision of housing subsidies in the poor communities. Although the housing subsidies programme, is part of the growing effort deployed by the governments of South Africa in new dispensation have produced positive outcomes. The survey collected from the applicant and beneficiaries, however, indicated that there are different views in regard to the process of housing delivery. Some beneficiaries praised the government for the houses allocated to them and which gives them some kind of dignity. Whereas those on the waiting list expressed their discontentment regarding the process. Overall, the survey reveals that people benefited from the policy, despite the structural deficiencies (lack of communication sometimes), and political collisions affecting the policy implementation process. Appropriately in line with this study, suggestions were propose regarding ways of improving the housing policy delivery.
How a population and housing census can be conducted after an epidemic, pandemic or a national crisis?
(University of the Western Cape, 2022) Fapohunda, Tomiwa T.; Stiegler, Nancy
The population and housing census is the entire official process of enumeration of a country's residents and houses at a specified time. This process includes planning, demographic data collection, compilation, evaluation, analysis and dissemination. The census process is crucial for planning and policymaking to advance the country. In December 2019, there was the discovery of a deadly disease, COVID-19, which later spread globally and emerged to be a pandemic. The pandemic had detrimental effects on various aspects of life and especially on the census process in over seventy countries.
Fertility trends and determinants among women of childbearing age (15-49): A comparative study of South Africa and Kenya
(University of the Western Cape, 2022) Dania, Elizabeth Avosuahi; Stiegler, Nancy
Fertility behavior in women plays a vital role in society. Fertility, mortality and migration are directly related to the population growth in society and its performance. Fertility refers to births by women in the population, mortality refers to deaths (infant, neonatal, maternal and paternal death etc.) and migration refers to the in and out movement of people from one region or country to another.
African female migrants and housing acquisition in South Africa: A comparison between 2001 and 2011 Population Census
(University of Western Cape, 2021) Mokabati, Koketso Percy; Nsengiyumva, Philomene
African female migrants make up a large portion of the population in general and in South Africa in particular. This includes both the documented and the undocumented female migrants. Nonetheless, they are confronted with a housing challenge in the countries of destination. This study seeks to examine the types of housing, the methods of housing acquisition, and the size of housing that African female migrants have access to. This study used secondary data of the 2001 and 2011 Population Censuses, gathered from the (Statistics South Africa (Stats SA) database to look into African female migration and housing acquisition in South Africa. The study used the Chi-square test statistic to measure the relationship between the variables of interest.
Factors associated with land acquisition for food production among small-scale farmers in South Africa
(University of Western Cape, 2021) Mbamba, Faith Sabelo; Nsengiyumva, Philomene
The purpose of this study is to investigate determinants of land tenure, agricultural activities involvement, and the use of agricultural products and stock keeping among small-scale farmers across all nine provinces of South Africa. Little is known regarding tenure status that households typically use to access land across nine provinces of South Africa. The characteristics of household heads in small-scale farming still under-researched; and socio-demographic characteristics for household subsistence still scanty in the literature. GHS between 2015 and 2018 from StatsSA was employed.
Differing patterns of international migration in Southern Africa: A regional analysis
(University of the Western Cape, 2020) James, Pamela; Tati, Gabriel
The study analyses the changing patterns of international migration within the Southern African region. Topics surrounding migration are rapidly gaining importance, especially in the context of regional integration. Past research has focused primarily on South African migration, neglecting or, rather, paying less attention to the migration within other countries in the Southern African region. This study includes all the migration trends across the countries in Southern Africa while discussing contemporary migration trends within Southern Africa.
Demographic aspects of migrants’ access to drinkable water in South Africa: Insight from the 2011 census
(University of the Western Cape, 2020) Duba, Vuyolethu; Nsengiyumva, Philomene
The issue of migrants’ access to drinkable water is a developmental issue. From a fundamental research view point, this study aims to explore the circumstances in which migrants access water across metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas of South Africa. The study examines the inequalities that may arise in the context of piped water access, different water sources, other alternative water, reliability of water, and closely related issues focusing specifically on internal migrants in general. The study focuses on demographic characteristics such as age, gender, education, employment status, level of income, duration of residence, province of residence and ethnic groups. Bringing together the demographic variables and water related variables, the study captures the determinants of water access by comparing metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas. Using the 2011 Census secondary data requested from Statistics South Africa, cross tabulation and bivariate statistical analysis by means of SPSS software was performed.
Supportive socio-economic conditions to achieve a successful demographic dividend in South Africa
(University of the Western Cape, 2021) Nkhumeleni, Mpho; Stiegler, Nancy
One of the population structures associated with demographic dividend is “demographic transition”, which is a shift from high fertility and mortality to low fertility and mortality. It is understood that low dependency ratio (shows that there are relatively more adults of working age who can support the young and the old of the populace) is one major factor in achieving a successful demographic dividend (DD) (Esther, 2013). DD refers to the fast-economic growth that is achieved by a country when there are dependency ratios. This definition means that the proportion of people of working age group (15-64) is higher, compared to those of ages lower than 15 and above 64 years (Statistics SA, 2017). In addition, having a large proportion of working age people does not necessarily guarantee a successful demographic dividend. There are certain conditions to support a successful DD. According to Dewald Van Rensburg, 2017, South Africa is almost done with the achievement of demographic transition. These does not guarantee a successful demographic dividend. This study will therefore look at socio-economic conditions in support of a demographic dividend, because most of the working age people are still not employed, therefore are not productive enough to contribute to the economic growth. Socio economic conditions include (favorable labor market, economic growth, good governance, education and training, health care, family planning and gender equity) (StatsSA, 2017). These conditions if well-established will lead to a reduction of unemployment and therefore result in more labor resources becoming available to devote to production. Since many people entering working age find it difficult to get employment. Statistics South Africa shows that 38.2% of youth were unemployed in the first quarter of 2018 (Statistic South Africa, 2018), this study will have a close look at South African youth unemployment in relation to the demographic characteristics such as gender, population group, marital status, geography type and province of residence.
Supportive socio-economic conditions to achieve a successful demographic dividend in South Africa
(University of the Western Cape, 2021) Nkhumeleni, Mpho; Stiegler, Nancy
One of the population structures associated with demographic dividend is “demographic transition”, which is a shift from high fertility and mortality to low fertility and mortality. It is understood that low dependency ratio (shows that there are relatively more adults of working age who can support the young and the old of the populace) is one major factor in achieving a successful demographic dividend (DD) (Esther, 2013). DD refers to the fast-economic growth that is achieved by a country when there are dependency ratios. This definition means that the proportion of people of working age group (15-64) is higher, compared to those of ages lower than 15 and above 64 years (Statistics SA, 2017).
Functionality and comparative advantages among the provinces of South Africa: A location quotient analysis of employment distribution.
(University of Western Cape, 2019) John, Moyin; Tati, G.
The purpose of the study is to examine the functions of provinces in South Africa and their respective comparative advantages from 2013 to 2017, in terms of employment absorption. It is predicted or assumed that there are considerable spatial disparities in the functions and comparative advantage profiles among provinces, some of them performing highly sophisticated functions and being comparatively better in terms of labour market outcomes than others. It is also assumed that this comes as a result of spatial preferences in location of firms.
Determinants of under-five mortality in South Africa: A logistic regression
(University of the Western Cape, 2019) Bija, Yanelisa; Ogujiuba, Kanayo
While several interventions have been implemented over the past decade to combat child mortality, under-five mortality remains a challenge especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Global-ly, child mortality has decreased to half from 12.7 million in 1990 to 5.9 million per year in 2015. Despite these remarkable gains, more than 16,000 children are dying daily in the world (World Health Organisation, 2015). Previous studies on child survival have examined the contributing factors of child deaths and HIV/AIDS epidemic and socio-economic differentials such as the level of education, type of place of residence,and mother’s occupational status were identified as the contributing factor towards the high rate of under-five mortality. How-ever, there is a paucity of studies focusing on the impact of socio-economic and demographic factors on under-five mortality. Hence this study aims to explore the impact of socio-economic and demographic factors on under-five mortality in South Africa. There are underlying factors or background determinants (including direct and indirect) of under-five mortality. These factors influence under-five mortality in South Africa, and the direct causes are called proximate determinants or demographic factors. The conceptual framework of Mosley and Chen (1984) was adopted to explore the ways of influence of the underlying factors on under-five mortality in their study of determinants of child survival.

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