Department of Foreign Languages

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A Grammar of Baca and its relation to Swazi, Zulu and Xhosa
(University of the Western Cape, 1942) Hallowes, D.P; Dlamini, George
The material for this work is based" on field work conducted during three. weeks in February and two weeks in September, 1941. Both periods were spent at Lourdes in East Griqualand, a place well suited for a place well suited for the purpose, being the centre of an area inhabited by the Baca people. The only other important area is round Mount Frere. I am indebted to Reverend Father Jakob for his assistance at Lourdes, to Mr L, I. Venable s and Mr. J. A. Campbell, both of the Johannesburg Municipal Native Affairs Department, for their courtesy in placing Baca speakers at my disposal, to Mr. l. A.H Mulcahy of the Main Pass Office , and Mr. A. G. T. Chaplin of the Swaziland. Government office, for their kind assistance in relation to Swazi, and. to the Inter-University Committee for African Studies for a grant for carrying out the necessary field work
n Evaluering van onderwysmetodes in musiekteoretiese vakke en gehoorontwikkeling
(University of the Western Cape, 1991) Lochner, Maria Magdalena; van der Merwe, E.
Praktiese ondervinding van die onderrig van Musiek op skoolvlak het getoon dat Musiekteoretiese vakke en Gehoorontwikkeling nie voldoende gestrukrureerd en gebaseer op wetenskaplik gefundeerde onderrigmetodes aangebied word nie. 'n Gebrek aan integrasie tussen Gehoorontwikkeling en die Musiekteoretiese vakke word vermoed. Innerlike gehoor is noodsaaklik is vir die musikus, maar bly grootliks onderontwikkel. Hierdie studie konsentreer op die integrasie wat nodig is tussen die Musiekteoretiese vakke en Gehoorontwikkeling, en toets empiries die mening van musiekstudente by wyse van 'n vraelys en di� van musiekdosente by wyse onderhoude. Die ondersoek spreek die algemene metodes aan waardeur die betrokke vakke onderrig word, asook die probleme wat daarmee gepaard gaan. Die musiekstudent se mening omtrent sy tersi�re musiekopleiding word gevra. Daar is bevind dat die twee disciplines nie doelmatig ge�ntegree aangebied word nie en voorstelle om die situasie te verbeter, word gemaak ..
Semantiese verdeling as vertaalstrategie
(University of Western Cape, 1993) Ross, Suzanne Lucille Anne; Links, T H
In die vertaalproses vind dikwels transformasies plaas wat soos volg omskryf word: die brontaalteks (BT), d.w.s. die teks waaruit vertaal word, word as't ware afgebreek tot semantiese elemente wat kleiner is as 'n bepaalde woord; di� elemente. word deur die vertaler weer op so 'n wyse saamgevoeg tot 'n doeltaalteks (OT), d.i. die teks waarin vertaal word, wat op die woordvlak nie meer met die BT-teks korrespondeer nie, maar wat in sy geheel tog min of meer dieselfde betekenis het (Langeveld: 96). Indien 'n vertaler nie van hierdie soort transformasies gebruik wil maak nie, loop hy gevaar om 'n vertaling te lewer waarin 'n mens nog grotendeels die oorspronklike teks lees. Die ander gevaar is voor die hand liggend: hy kan met di� soort semantiese verdeling 'n teks lewer wat afwyk van die boodskap van die BT-teks. Die doel van so 'n ondersoek sal dan wees om die voortreflikhede en die nadele van semantiese verdeling vas te stel.
'n Oorsig van fonologiese ontwikkeling by kinders
(University of Western Cape, 1994) Roux, Cheryl; Van der Walt, M.J.
Daar is 'n toenemende belangstelling in die rol wat die linguistiek speel ten opsigte van die hantering van taalgebreke by kinders. Hierdie verskynsel kan gedeeltelik aan twee ontwikkelings in die linguistiek toegeskryf word, nl. (a) die bekendmaking van 'n transformasionele grammatika soos vervat in Noam Chomsky se Syntactic Structures in 1957 en (b) die feit dat transformasionele grammatici beklemtoon dat 'n linguistiese teorie moet kan verklaar hoe kinders taalstrukture verwerf. Dit het tot 'n hernieude belangstelling in taalverwerwing aanleiding gegee. Volgens Ingram (1976:6) kan linguiste 'n bydrae t.o.v. ten minste vyf aspekte lewer: (a) 'n boek t.o.v. algemene fonologiese aspekte moet saamgestel word; (b) 'n omvattende boek ten opsigte van die wyse waarop normale kinders die fonologie van hulle taal verwerf, moet saamgestel word; (c) 'n versameling tegnieke t.o.v. die verkryging en ontleding van kindertaal moet ontwikkel word; (d) 'n boek wat die aard van fonologiese afwykings in kinders beskryf, moet saamgestel word; (e) 'n versameling terapeutiese riglyne vir die behandeling van fonologiese afwykings moet ontwikkel word. Wanneer ons gekonfronteer word met kinders wat aan die een of ander taalgebrek ly, ontstaan daar onmiddellik die behoefte om die kind se taalsisteem te beskryf. Die deskriptiewe metode wat gebruik word, moet effektief genoeg wees om die kind se eie re�lsisteem uit te beeld asook die kompleksiteit van die strukture wat verwerf is. Sommige linguiste glo dat die TGG die regte stap in hierdie rigting is.
Taalbeplanning vir veeltaligheid: 'n Suid-Afrikaanse perspektief
(University of Western Cape, 1994) Van Louw, Christa Leonie; van de Rheede, I
Die teoretiese tradisie aan die basis van die navorsingstuk is di� van die sosiolinguistiese teorie. Eksponente van hierdie teorie, maak benewens die linguistiese ook bemoeienis met die sosiale dimensie van taal. In aansluiting by Rubin & Jemudd (1971: xiv) wat argumenteer dat taalbeplanning deel van sosiale verandering is en daarom onderhewig is aan re�ls van hierdie tipe verandering, kan taalbeplanning nie in isolasie geskied met sosiale beplanning nie. Hierdie studie is 'n ondersoek na die wyse waarop veeltaligheid hanteer word. In hierdie verband word ingegaan op die rol van buitelinguistiese faktore in die taalbeplanningsprosesse. Vanuit 'n sosiolinguistiese perspektief word taalbeplanning noodwendig be�nvloed deur bre�r sosiale faktore soos ekonomiese, sosiale, politieke, demografiese en psigologiese. Hierdie studie ondersoek die rol van nasionalisme, meer spesifiek Afrikaner-nasionalisme, in die hantering van die veeltalige karakter van Suid-Afrika. Daarbenewens word 'n oorsig gebied van die wyse waarop enkele Afrikalande met onafhanklikheid hul veeltaligheid hanteer het. Daar word veral gefokusseer op die rol van kolonialisme asook op welke wyse die bre�r politieke strewe In die lig van die voorafgaande word 'n kritiese analise gegee van die voorgestelde taalbeleid vir 'n veranderde Suid-Afrika.
The preludes of Chopin
(University of the Western Cape, 1996) Hardneck, Charllynne Lyndene; Correia, E.
The essential feature of the prelude is to attract the listener's attention and define the pitch, mode or tonality. This can be the reason why preludes are often written in a selection of 24 maior tonalities. As one of the central features of a prelude is to define the pitch or key of a piece, Chopin's preludes Opus 28 move through a logical tonal sequence of major and minor keys. Chopin did not invent this principle. J.N. Hummel had published a set of 24 preludes in major and minor keys in Opus 67,in the year 1814. It is believed that these works of Hummel influenced Chopin when he later wrote his set of 24 preludes, Opus 28 fi 836-1839). ln his music, Hummel was fond of homophonic textures with Italian melodies. He also used virtuoso passages in his right handparts, while the left hand would play Alberti accompaniments. Hummel also made frequent use of third-relationships, secondary and tertiary dominants and chromatic passing notes. These traits can also be seen in Chopin's Opus 28.
Kinyarwaanda sexuality taboo words and their significance in Rwandan culture
(University of the Western Cape, 2004) Ngirabakunzi, Ndimurugero; Banda, Felix; Faculty of Education
This study investigates Kinyarwaanda sexuality taboo words and their meaning in Rwandan culture to enable the youth to improve their communication and the values of Rwandan culture. It explores whether the use of Kinyarwaanda sexuality taboo words is a good way to communicate with one another or is a transgression of Rwandan culture. Its intent is to see the value that Rwandans assign to verbal taboos, particularly sexuality taboo words, to see how these taboos regulate Rwandans lives, to see the attitudes Rwandans hold towards them, and to find out the link there might be between sexuality taboo words, the information dissemination on HIV/AIDS and the spread of AIDS.
A translation, with critical introduction, of Shaykh °Alawåi al-Risåalah al-Qawl al-Ma `råuf fåi al-Radd `alåa man Ankara al-Tasawwuf: A kind word in response to those who reject Sufism.
(University of the Western Cape, 2005) Hendricks, Mogamat Mahgadien; Mohamed, Yasien; Dept. of Foreign Languages; Faculty of Arts
The objective of this thesis was the translation of an original defence of Sufi practice titled "A Kind word in response to those who reject sufism" by Shaykh Aòhmad ibn Muòsòtafá °Alawåi. This book was written in defence of Sufis and Sufism. This research provide some notes on the life, spiritual heritage and writings of the Shaykh °Alawåi in conjunction with a critical introduction to complement the translated text. The Shaykh's methodology applied in his ijtihåad to validate and defend the Sufis and their practices was also reviewed.
Ibn Arabi's Sufi and poetic experiences (through his collection of mystical poems Tarjuman al-Ashwaq)
(University of the Western Cape, 2005) Saidi, Mustapha; Mohamed, Yasien; Dept. of Linguistics, Language and Communication; Faculty of Arts
This study is a theoretical research concerning Ibn Arabi's Sufi experience and his philosophy of the "unity of being" (also his poetical talent). I therefore adopted the historical and analytical methodologies to analyse and reply on the questions and suggestions I have raised in this paper. Both of the methodologies reveal the actual status of the Sufism of Ibn Arabi who came with a challenging sufi doctrine. Also, in the theoretical methodology I attempt to define Sufism by giving a panoramic history of it. I have also researched Ibn Arabi's status amongst his contemporaries for example, Al-Hallaj and Ibn Al Farid, and how they influenced him as a Sufi thinker during this time.In the analytical study I explore the poems "Tarjuman al Ashwaq" of Ibn Arabi, of which I have selected some poems to study analytically. Through this I discovered Ibn Arabi's Sufi inclinations and the criticisms of various literary scholars, theologians, philosophers and also sufi thinkers, both from the East and the West. In this analysis I have also focused on the artistic value of the poetry which he utilized to promote his own doctrine "the unity of being."
Writing from the margins - and beyond
(Association for the Study of Religion in Southern Africa, 2006) van Ryneveld, Hannelore
In 1987 Jos� F. A. Oliver published his first poetry volume Auf-Bruch in Germany. His standing as a German-speaking poet from Spanish-Andalusian stock was linked to the Gastarbeiterliteratur, or migrant worker literature in Germany, a literature that writes from the margins of both the literary and economic world of the Federal Republic of Germany. Developments within Oliver's oeuvre over the past twenty years, how ever, indicate a movement away from the literary periphery into main-stream German literature. This article explores these dynamics, using Jos� F. A. Oliver's writings to illustrate this conjecture.
Islamic belief: Imam Malik's doctrine of faith and practice
(2007) Rhil, Salim Faraj Salih; Mohamed, Yasien; Saidi, Mustapha
Imam Malik b. Anas (d. 179 A.H.) is an important intellectual figure in Islam. He is the author of the first hadith collection, the Muwatta, and is the founder of one of the four major Sunni schools of law. His contribution towards formulating a distinct legal school allows millions of Muslims daily to perform their daily rituals of worship. Previous research, however, has not given enough attention to a systematic study of his beliefs. This study intends to address this shortcoming. My thesis examines the belief of imam Malik, particularly his concept of faith and the external expression thereof. It examines the first two eras of Islam, that of the Companions and Followers, which preceded him and their influence on his methodology of formulating his theological and legal views. It further looks at his approach to the textual evidences and his attitude towards speculative reasoning (kalam) regarding theological issues. This study further aims to verify the statements attributed to imam Malik regarding what constitutes correct faith and whether it increases or decreases. It also looks at the conflicting statements attributed to him regarding the increase and decrease of faith and tries to resolve them. Furthermore, it sources reliable biographical information on imam Malik to determine his attitude towards the diverse theological trends such as the Qadarites and Murji�ites prevalent during his time. In addition, the study compares the views of imam Malik with that of the other three founders of the Sunni Sunni legal schools.
Jihad: liberation or terrorism? the thought of sayyid qutb
(2008) Mezzi, Mohamed; Mohamed, Yasien
Includes bibliographic references (leaves 184-195)"In this thesis, I contrast Qutbs approach towards jihad with that which is found in the primary sources of Islam and as espoused by the proponents of the four schools of thought, as well as key Islamic scholars. This study also attempts to explore the conceptual confusion between terrorism, jihad, and legitimate defense and resistance by comparing the legislation on jihad in Islam with that which exists in international law and conventions. I then turn my attention to the focal point of this study, the writings of Sayyid Qutb on jihad..."
Im Gespr�ch mit Jose F.A. Oliver - 'viel-stimmig und meer-sprachig'.
(Peter Lang, 2008) van Ryneveld, Hannelore
Jos� Oliver is a multilingual poet of Andalusian descent who writes poetry in German. His first poetry was published in the mid-eighties and his writings were seen as part of migrant literature (also referred to in the seventies as guestworker literature). He has however moved beyond those boundaries and has written himself into (�eingeschrieben�) the German language and his poetry is characterised by a breaking- up (�auf-brechen�) of the language and thereby creating sound and word structures which strip away the common usage in an attempt to regain the original meanings of words.The interview with Jos� Oliver was conducted in February 2005 in Hausach in the Black Forest.
The foundation of the Caliphate and Imamate in Islam: a comparative study between the Ash?ariyyah and the Im?miyyah from a classical perspective
(University of Western Cape, 2009) Ebr?him, Badrud?n sheikh Rash?d; Mohamed, Yasien
Im?mah, (imamate) literary means leading, and khil?fah (succession) means representative. but, in the terms of "Islamic concept", the medieval theologian and jurists has termed it �Religious�Political leadership�.1 the major dispute concerning the imamate surrounding the question of investiture to exercise the prophet�s comprehensive authority (Wil?yah�?mah), as the temporal and spiritual leader of the ummah (community). From demising of the prophet, the matter of imamate, between Ash?ar? and Sh?�ah (twelve) there are two main opinions. Ash?ar?�s views are prevalent among the early Muslims headed by Ab�bakar and his associates regarded the imamate to be right of the ummah (nation), and they chose Ab�bakar. The Sh?�ah implicitly rejected the previous opinion, and maintained that the leadership was passed on through a special designation. This regarded the imamate divinely invested in �Ali ibn Ab? ??lib, the prophet cousin and son-in-law. Therefore, controversy between Ash?ar? and Sh?�ah on the question of leadership arise after the prophet returns and coherences to the two fundamentals central points: First: The nature of the relationship of the prophethood to the political leadership. The Sh?�ah regarded political leadership as an extension of the prophetic mission after the demise of the prophet: �Meaning that political leadership is not simply political rule but it is the corollary of the interpretation of religion, and takes imamate in depth interpretation�2. Other hands, Ash?ar? consider and include it in the matter of mas?li? Al ??mah (public interest). The Islamic jurists definite the mas?li? al ??mah (public interest), any issue whether it is religion or matter of world that could not fixed with fact proof from holy Qur'?n and prophet�s tradition. Therefore, the matter of caliphate emerges it in the mas?li? al-??mah (public interest) which, relies on human agency. Second: The contract of political leadership and authority between the problematic of mutual consultation and divine appointment. This point focus on �aqd (contract) of khil?fah (repress- entative of God) between leader and ummah (nation) and evolves around the problem of consultation, mainly in the Ash?ar?�s view, which is based on "selection system". So, in the historical experience, it can be noted that the consultation as mechanism in the choosing the ruler was not achieved as an "organized system" neither in the period of the rightly guided caliphs, nor in the periods of dynastic rulers. The imamate as a �supreme leadership� had a major problem issue in the contemporary scholars, both the Islamic and secular, since it was announced in the modern context Dawlah (government), which based on nationality and separated from religious hegemony. Its dialectic, in the present article, is to deal with theological and judicial theory. Therefore, in 1979, the Islamic council of Europe published a �concept of Islamic state�. Most of the figures shaded are based on the Khomeini's thought (the founder of Islamic republic revolution of Iran), and Kar?ch?�s Muslim council scholar (they constituted Ash?ar? view). In the Islamic state, the Khomeini thought based on �the Islamic state is constitutional; Government is based on law and the Paramount legislative authority resides on God himself�. On the other hand,�the Islamic state� shaped as �the principals of an Islamic state which centers on the supremacy of God, citizens rights and proper government� 3 Therefore, caliphate it is difficult to separate or detach from prophethood in the perspective of the commentary and interpretation of equally the Qur'anic and Sunna texts. So, difference between Ash?ar? and Sh?�ah around imm?mah (leadership in Islam) are based on the theological principles which rise from the problem of cosmology, divine justice and human destiny. Therefore, the difference can be based on the idea (thought) about these theological principles.
An examination of the correspondence between sound and meaning in certain chapters of the holy Qur'an
(University of the Western Cape, 2010) Mutawali, Male Farouk Ali; Mohamed, Yasien
The study of sound symbolism, phonetics and semantics has been of major concern for linguists since the Greeks and the Romans in the fifth century before AD. The idea of sound symbolism - the existence of correspondence between the sound of letters (or linguists, such as Ibn Jinni (942-1002 AD), and modern Arabic linguists, including al- Badr�wi (1999), and Na'aim Alwia (1984), have attempted to elucidate this phenomenon, providing detailed description and some examples from Arabic and the Holy Qur'an. Modern Western linguists such as Magnus (1999) have discussed the correspondence between the sounds of letters and the sense in Western languages. Jespersen (1962) and Badr�wi (1999) have recommended that this phenomenon needs further detailed study and have indicated the need of more examples to be used as reference theory. Using Ibn Jinni's model, this study is an attempt to build on the theory of the correspondence between sound and meaning using the Holy Qur'an as an example. While Jinni's focus was on the correspondence of sound and meaning at the word level, this study will focus on the individual sound segments within the word, and the effect of the word within the Surat. The argument is that it is the individual distinctive features of each phoneme in a word that give the word its distinctive sound quality, and also has have an impact on the meaning of the word. Any correspondence between sound and meaning in a word should therefore be assigned to a particular significant distinctive feature. Given that the focus on the presumed direct relationship between sound and meaning, recourse will be made to the principal of onomatopoeia. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between the distinctive features of the sounds that form Arabic words and the meaning of such words as used in the Holy Qur'an. In particular, the study will analyze the distinctive features, such as a sound being a consonant or a vowel, voicing, manner and place of articulation, airstream mechanism, among others (singly or combined) of the sounds in Arabic words, and relate this to the meaning of the words. This phenomenon will be investigated using descriptive methods and the Holy Qur' an as the object of study.
Bibliography Islam & biological evolution exploring classical Sunni sources and methodologies
(2010) Jalajel, David Solomon; Mohamed, Yasien
This research investigates, within the framework of classical Sunni Islamic scholarship,what we might expect an Islamic opinion about evolution to be,bringing together an accurate and detailed understanding of evolutionary biology as the field stands today with a systematic consideration of the traditional Islamic sciences.The scope of the study encompasses the scholarly traditions recognized, at least by their respective adherents, to be part of Muslim orthodoxy � referred to in Islamic discourse as Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jam??ah or more colloquially as �Sunni�. It covers the works of the scholars of the Ash?ar?, M?tur?d?, and Salaf? theological schools as well as the sources which they all draw upon � the Qur�?n, the Sunnah, and the opinions of the Salaf.The reason for this choice is that these traditions represent for most Muslims the �mainstream� of Islamic thinking, and therefore have a greater relevance for determining what a general Islamic perspective on evolution could be.The study first identifies and defines the methodological approaches of classical Sunni scholarship that have relevance to the question of an Islamic position on biological evolution. It also identifies and defines the issues within the field of Evolutionary Biology that need to be brought under scrutiny. The methods of classical Islamic Theology are then applied to the claims of Evolutionary Biology, drawing on traditional Islamic sources. The result of the study is an extrapolation of what an orthodox Islamic position towards biological evolution could be. Is Islam neutral towards the idea of biological evolution? Does it support it or categorically reject it? Can it accept certain aspects of Evolutionary Biology while rejecting others?Finally, the extrapolated �classical� Islamic position on evolution is compared with the writings of some contemporary Muslim scholars whose views run contrary to that extrapolation. Possible reasons for the discrepancy are explored.Such an interdisciplinary work should provide a valuable frame of reference for a more accurate analysis of the creation-evolution debate unfolding in the Muslim world today.
Das Fach Deutsch an der University of the Western Cape
(Association of German Studies (SAGV), 2010) van Ryneveld, Hannelore; Mentzner, Martina
The current challenges facing the teaching of German as a foreign language at the University of the Western Cape are outlined. The article includes a brief historical overview and proposes research perspectives for the future.
Reading the linguistic landscape: Women, literacy and citizenship in one South African township
(2011) Williams, Meggan Serena; Dyers, Charlyn
The purpose of this study was two-fold: firstly, to do a multimodal analysis of the multilingual signage, advertisements and graffiti present on different surfaces in the main business hub of a multicultural community called Wesbank, situated in the Eastern Metropole of the city of Cape Town. Signage of this nature, taken together, constitute the �linguistic landscape? (Gorter, 2006) of a particular space. My analysis of the signage included interviews with a number of the producers of these signs which reveal why their signs are constructed in particular ways with particular languages. Secondly, I interviewed 20 mature women from the community in order to determine their level of understanding of these signs as well as whether the linguistic landscape of the township had an impact on their levels of literacy. The existing literacy levels of the women being surveyed as well as those of the producers of the signs were also taken into account. My main analytical tools were Multimodal Discourse Analysis (Kress, 2003), applied to the signage, and a Critical Discourse style of Analysis (Willig, 1999; Pienaar and Becker, 2007), applied to the focus group and individual analysis. Basic quantitative analysis was also applied to the quantifiable questionnaire data. The overriding motivation for the study was to determine the strategies used by the women to make sense of their linguistic landscape and to examine whether there was any transportation of literacy from the signage to these women so that they could function more effectively and agentively in their own environment. This study formed part of a larger NRF-funded research project entitled Township women�s discourses and literacy resources, led by my supervisor, Prof. C. Dyers. The study revealed the interesting finding that the majority of the vendors in Wesbank, especially in terms of house shops, hairdressers and fruit and vegetable stalls, are foreigners from other parts of Africa, who rely on English as a lingua franca to advertise their wares. The signage makers had clearly put some thought into the language skills of their multilingual target market in this township, and did their best to communicate with their potential customers through the complete visual image of their signs. The overall quality of the codes displayed on the signage also revealed much about the literacy levels in the township as well as language as a local practice (Pennycook 2010). While English predominated on the signs, at times one also found the addition of Afrikaans (especially in the case of religious signage) and isiXhosa (as in one very prominent advertisement by a dentist). The study further established that the female respondents in my study, as a result of their different literacy levels, made use of both images and codes on an item of signage to interpret the message conveyed successfully. Signage without accompanying images were often ignored, or interpreted with the help of others or by using one comprehensible word to work out the rest of the sign. As has been shown by another study in the larger research project, these women displayed creativity in making sense of their linguistic landscape. The study further revealed that, as a result of frequent exposure to some words and expressions in the linguistic landscape, some of the women had become familiar with these terms and had thereby expanded their degree of text literacy. In this way, the study has contributed to our understanding of the notion of portable literacy as explored by Dyers and Slemming (2011, forthcoming).
Women & Leadership in Islam
(2013) Jalajel, David Solomon; Mohamed, Yasien
The present research examines the post-formative Islamic legal literature surrounding the question of women�s leadership to gauge whether and to what extent the development of Islamic legislation pertaining to women was determined by genderattitudes prevalent in Muslim society. There are three main theories to explain the prevalence of Islamic legal rulings divesting women of leadership roles. The first is the traditional view that these rulings are best explained by the application of the theoretical and hermeneutical approaches of classical Islamic legal theory to the Islamic source texts, the Qur�?n and Sunnah. The second is that the rulings are best explained as the consequence of the widespread gender attitudes in near-eastern society during the formative and early post-formative period of Islamic Law. The third is that legal inertia is the primary factor in explaining the existing post-formative Islamic legal corpus and little can be determined from it regarding the origin and early perpetuation of the laws. These competing theories are tested and explored by returning to a broad survey of Islamic legal texts from the four canonical schools of thought. The relevant passages from these texts are first translated and then examined according to three separate analytical approaches � a legal-hermeneutical analysis, an analysis of gender motifs, and a diachronic analysis of legal arguments � to explore the ways in which classical legal scholars arrived at and justified the prohibition of female leadership in politics, the judiciary, and congregational prayer. Key
Challenges and opportunities/possibilities of implementing the Western Cape language policy
(UWC, 2014) Nel, Jo-Mari Anne; Dyers, Charlyn
The principle aim of this thesis is to investigate all the challenges and opportunities/possibilities involved in realising the implementation of the official Western Cape Language Policy (finalised in 2002). These challenges and opportunities/possibilities were investigated within various structures of the Western Cape Province of South Africa�s civil service environment in six major multilingual towns in the Western Cape. The historical and political context leading to the creation of this policy is provided in the following three paragraphs. Following the demise of Apartheid with South Africa�s first democratic elections in 1994, the New South Africa brought with it amongst other things the following changes: a new Constitution; new legislation; access and freedom within a system of inclusion; the creation of new provinces; the constitutional breakdown of social, geographical and linguistic barriers; the subsequent migration to different towns and cities of people speaking different languages and their integration there; the creation of district and regional municipalities; freedom of the press. All of these introduced a whole new platform of language interaction and association and therefore general communication (Constitution of the RSA, 1996). In addition, in contrast to the Apartheid policy of only two official languages � English and Afrikaans � eleven languages were declared official languages of the state. The declaration of 11 official languages in 1996 (English, Afrikaans, isiZulu, isiXhosa, Sesotho, Sepedi, Setswana, Tshivenda, isiNdebele, siSwati and Xitsonga) was an integral part of highlighting multilingualism in the newly designated nine provinces of SA. Each of the nine provinces � the Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Northern Cape, Gauteng, the Northwest Province, Northern Province (now called Limpopo), Mpumalanga, the Free State and Kwazulu-Natal - had to, in consultation with different provincial stakeholders, draft language policies according to the National Language Framework. In the Western Cape Province, three languages were identified as dominant, namely Afrikaans, isiXhosa and English. The Western Cape Language Policy (WCLP) was consequently drafted by the Western Cape Language Committee (WCLC), a statutory body and a sub-committee of the Pan South African Language Board (PanSALB), after the Westen Cape Provincial Languages Act, Act 31 of 1998, was accepted by Parliament in 1998. This WCLP was the first provincial language policy to be completed in the New SA. The policy was accepted and the draft was ready for implementation by 2002. This thesis presents a critical overview of previous and current strategies being used by all provincial government departments in the implementation of the WCLP. This includes a sample of general public knowledge of the existence of the terms and meaning of the WCLP, different outcomes of studies and language-related projects done by the WCLC, PanSALB, DCAS and the Central Language Unit (CLU) since 2000. It also focuses on the role that different private and public language implementation agencies are playing, or not, in their communication with the multilingual civil society of the Western Cape. Projections for and challenges facing the implementation of the WCLP since its acceptance in the Western Cape Provincial Parliament (WCPP) in 2004 were also researched carefully, together with an analysis of research already conducted on behalf of the provincial government. Document analysis therefore forms a core part of this methodology, together with fieldwork research conducted in six selected major multilingual towns of the Western Cape. This was done in order to explore the challenges experienced by Afrikaans-, isiXhosa- and English-speaking people at grassroots level, since they needed to become more aware of their language rights as set out in the WCLP. Drawing on a theoretical and conceptual framework based on studies in Language and Power Relations, specifically studies on the role of Language Ideologies, Linguistic Citizenship, Agency and Voice and Language Ecology on effective Language Planning, Policy and Implementation, the thesis presents, through its document analysis, quantitative and qualitative data, an analysis of the limited or failed implementation of the WCLP in both government departments as well as the civilian populations in six selected multilingual towns of the Western Cape. This was achieved by examining actual language practices at particular language policy implementation agencies such as the post office, the police station, the high school, households, the municipal office, the day hospital and the clinic in each of these towns. The thesis gathers together all this evidence to prove that the implementation of the WCLP has been hampered by a range of factors such as wide-spread ignorance of the policy, the dominance of particular languages in the province over others, power relations within government structures and relatively inflexible language ideologies held by those charged with policy implementation at different levels. It concludes by providing a number of practical recommendations on how more effective implementation can be achieved.

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