Department of Foreign Languages

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Analysis of selected allegorical Qur�anic verses with specific reference to S?rat Y?suf: A hermeneutic approach
(University of the Western Cape, 2019) Tantoush, Mansour Ali; Saidi, Mustapha; Mohamed, Yasien Alli
Arabic is the language of the Holy Qur'an, which was revealed to the Prophet Mohammed (may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) who in turn dictates it to His companions. The Prophet's companions did not encounter any difficulty in the understanding and comprehension of the Qur�anic verses simply because the Qur'an was revealed in a language variety with which they have been quite familiar. Yet, the companions of the prophet differ in their understanding of the Qur'an. Their understanding may vary according to their competencies and their closeness to the prophet. In addition, the Qur'an includes verses that appear to be contradictory. Some verses of the Qur'an, for instance, may imply that man is free to select either the path of faith or the path of blasphemy.
Bibliography Islam & biological evolution exploring classical Sunni sources and methodologies
(2010) Jalajel, David Solomon; Mohamed, Yasien
This research investigates, within the framework of classical Sunni Islamic scholarship,what we might expect an Islamic opinion about evolution to be,bringing together an accurate and detailed understanding of evolutionary biology as the field stands today with a systematic consideration of the traditional Islamic sciences.The scope of the study encompasses the scholarly traditions recognized, at least by their respective adherents, to be part of Muslim orthodoxy � referred to in Islamic discourse as Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jam??ah or more colloquially as �Sunni�. It covers the works of the scholars of the Ash?ar?, M?tur?d?, and Salaf? theological schools as well as the sources which they all draw upon � the Qur�?n, the Sunnah, and the opinions of the Salaf.The reason for this choice is that these traditions represent for most Muslims the �mainstream� of Islamic thinking, and therefore have a greater relevance for determining what a general Islamic perspective on evolution could be.The study first identifies and defines the methodological approaches of classical Sunni scholarship that have relevance to the question of an Islamic position on biological evolution. It also identifies and defines the issues within the field of Evolutionary Biology that need to be brought under scrutiny. The methods of classical Islamic Theology are then applied to the claims of Evolutionary Biology, drawing on traditional Islamic sources. The result of the study is an extrapolation of what an orthodox Islamic position towards biological evolution could be. Is Islam neutral towards the idea of biological evolution? Does it support it or categorically reject it? Can it accept certain aspects of Evolutionary Biology while rejecting others?Finally, the extrapolated �classical� Islamic position on evolution is compared with the writings of some contemporary Muslim scholars whose views run contrary to that extrapolation. Possible reasons for the discrepancy are explored.Such an interdisciplinary work should provide a valuable frame of reference for a more accurate analysis of the creation-evolution debate unfolding in the Muslim world today.
Challenges and opportunities/possibilities of implementing the Western Cape language policy
(UWC, 2014) Nel, Jo-Mari Anne; Dyers, Charlyn
The principle aim of this thesis is to investigate all the challenges and opportunities/possibilities involved in realising the implementation of the official Western Cape Language Policy (finalised in 2002). These challenges and opportunities/possibilities were investigated within various structures of the Western Cape Province of South Africa�s civil service environment in six major multilingual towns in the Western Cape. The historical and political context leading to the creation of this policy is provided in the following three paragraphs. Following the demise of Apartheid with South Africa�s first democratic elections in 1994, the New South Africa brought with it amongst other things the following changes: a new Constitution; new legislation; access and freedom within a system of inclusion; the creation of new provinces; the constitutional breakdown of social, geographical and linguistic barriers; the subsequent migration to different towns and cities of people speaking different languages and their integration there; the creation of district and regional municipalities; freedom of the press. All of these introduced a whole new platform of language interaction and association and therefore general communication (Constitution of the RSA, 1996). In addition, in contrast to the Apartheid policy of only two official languages � English and Afrikaans � eleven languages were declared official languages of the state. The declaration of 11 official languages in 1996 (English, Afrikaans, isiZulu, isiXhosa, Sesotho, Sepedi, Setswana, Tshivenda, isiNdebele, siSwati and Xitsonga) was an integral part of highlighting multilingualism in the newly designated nine provinces of SA. Each of the nine provinces � the Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Northern Cape, Gauteng, the Northwest Province, Northern Province (now called Limpopo), Mpumalanga, the Free State and Kwazulu-Natal - had to, in consultation with different provincial stakeholders, draft language policies according to the National Language Framework. In the Western Cape Province, three languages were identified as dominant, namely Afrikaans, isiXhosa and English. The Western Cape Language Policy (WCLP) was consequently drafted by the Western Cape Language Committee (WCLC), a statutory body and a sub-committee of the Pan South African Language Board (PanSALB), after the Westen Cape Provincial Languages Act, Act 31 of 1998, was accepted by Parliament in 1998. This WCLP was the first provincial language policy to be completed in the New SA. The policy was accepted and the draft was ready for implementation by 2002. This thesis presents a critical overview of previous and current strategies being used by all provincial government departments in the implementation of the WCLP. This includes a sample of general public knowledge of the existence of the terms and meaning of the WCLP, different outcomes of studies and language-related projects done by the WCLC, PanSALB, DCAS and the Central Language Unit (CLU) since 2000. It also focuses on the role that different private and public language implementation agencies are playing, or not, in their communication with the multilingual civil society of the Western Cape. Projections for and challenges facing the implementation of the WCLP since its acceptance in the Western Cape Provincial Parliament (WCPP) in 2004 were also researched carefully, together with an analysis of research already conducted on behalf of the provincial government. Document analysis therefore forms a core part of this methodology, together with fieldwork research conducted in six selected major multilingual towns of the Western Cape. This was done in order to explore the challenges experienced by Afrikaans-, isiXhosa- and English-speaking people at grassroots level, since they needed to become more aware of their language rights as set out in the WCLP. Drawing on a theoretical and conceptual framework based on studies in Language and Power Relations, specifically studies on the role of Language Ideologies, Linguistic Citizenship, Agency and Voice and Language Ecology on effective Language Planning, Policy and Implementation, the thesis presents, through its document analysis, quantitative and qualitative data, an analysis of the limited or failed implementation of the WCLP in both government departments as well as the civilian populations in six selected multilingual towns of the Western Cape. This was achieved by examining actual language practices at particular language policy implementation agencies such as the post office, the police station, the high school, households, the municipal office, the day hospital and the clinic in each of these towns. The thesis gathers together all this evidence to prove that the implementation of the WCLP has been hampered by a range of factors such as wide-spread ignorance of the policy, the dominance of particular languages in the province over others, power relations within government structures and relatively inflexible language ideologies held by those charged with policy implementation at different levels. It concludes by providing a number of practical recommendations on how more effective implementation can be achieved.
Cohesion and coherence in ibrahim al-koni's narrative discourse with special reference to al-bahth an almakan al-dh yie [in search of the lost place]: a textlinguistics approach
(University of the Western Cape, 2023) Abdulnabi, Saleh Ali; Mohammed, Tawffeek
The proposed study aims to analyse the narrative discourse of the Arab novelist Ibrahim al-Koni with special reference to his novel Al-Bahth an al-makan al-dhaya [In Search of the Lost Place]. As the title justifiably indicates, it is not only a search for a lost place but a persistent search for an identity and for a lost culture that has been marginalized and brushed aside. The narrative style of Ibrahim al-Kouni in general abounds with the use of stylistic and rhetorical devices that have distinguished his writings from those of other Arab novelists. While the narrative discourse of some Arab novels has been tackled from the perspective of Arabic classical rhetoric, very few studies have used contemporary critical discourse analysis methods in the study of Arabic literary texts in general and fictional prose in particular.
The common link theory in hadith: A comparison between orientalists and Muslim scholars
(University of the Western Cape, 2022) Abdullah, Yaqub Yusuf; Mohamed, Yasien
Joseph Schacht�s (d. 1969) Common-link Theory, together with its generalized conclusions, is a key theoretical framework used by most Western and some modern Muslim scholars of Islamic history. The theory proposes that a figure sitting as a common link in the chain of transmitters (isn?d) is the one responsible for forging the names from him to the Prophet. In addition, the common link is responsible for bringing the particular hadith text (matn) and its isn?d into existence. Thus, names prior to the common link until the Prophet are all fictitious. Muslim hadith critics as far back as the second century of Islam acknowledged the existence of common links in the isn?d; however, their attitude towards it and their conclusion concerning it differed from Western hadith scholars� interpretations.
The concept of the Sufi Saintly Miracle: A Literary Approach
(University of Western cape, 2020) Abdul Nabi, Saleh Ali; Saidi, Mustapha
study analyses the concept of al-Kar?mah al-S?f?yah (the Sufi Saintly Miracle) in both its religious and literary dimensions. The researcher will shed more light on this genre of narrative literary phenomena by developing its definition and placing it in the social and historical context of the Sufi thought as a whole. Many communities in the Islamic world embrace and practice the Sufi doctrine and also believe in the ??f? Sheikhs� saintly miracles and its paranormal aspects, which they also consider to be parallel in its sacredness to the miracles of the Prophets. Furthermore, in this study the researcher will not only focus on the religious significance of the saintly miracle but also on their literary approach and aesthetic dimensions. In fact many of the contemporary Arab scholars and Litterateurs categorize this narrative discourse to fall under the cloak of al-Adab al-�aj?ib? (miraculous literature) due to the nature of its narrative style and structure from which it achieves its goals, such as: Myth � Legend � Superstition � Storytelling, etc. The study will be mainly qualitative. It is a content analysis study in the sense that the researcher will analyse the stylistic, formal and rhetorical techniques of the saintly miracles� discourse with specific reference to extracts taken from al- Sheikh al-Hassan al- Shadili and al-Sheikh Abdelssalam Bin Machich. The study will use an eclectic theoretical and conceptual framework which combines the historical approach with the reception theory.
The concept of the Sufi Saintly Miracle: A literary approach
(University of the Western Cape, 2019) Nabi, Saleh Ali Abdul
This study analyses the concept of al-Kar?mah al-S?f?yah (the Sufi Saintly Miracle) in both its religious and literary dimensions. The researcher will shed more light on this genre of narrative literary phenomena by developing its definition and placing it in the social and historical context of the Sufi thought as a whole. Many communities in the Islamic world embrace and practice the Sufi doctrine and also believe in the ??f? Sheikhs� saintly miracles and its paranormal aspects, which they also consider to be parallel in its sacredness to the miracles of the Prophets. Furthermore, in this study the researcher will not only focus on the religious significance of the saintly miracle but also on their literary approach and aesthetic dimensions. In fact many of the contemporary Arab scholars and Litterateurs categorize this narrative discourse to fall under the cloak of al-Adab al-�aj?ib? (miraculous literature) due to the nature of its narrative style and structure from which it achieves its goals, such as: Myth � Legend � Superstition � Storytelling, etc. The study will be mainly qualitative. It is a content analysis study in the sense that the researcher will analyse the stylistic, formal and rhetorical techniques of the saintly miracles� discourse with specific reference to extracts taken from al- Sheikh al-Hassan al- Shadili and al-Sheikh Abdelssalam Bin Machich. The study will use an eclectic theoretical and conceptual framework which combines the historical approach with the reception theory,
A critical analysis of the influence of culture and gender on isiXhosa literature
(University of the Western Cape, 2022) Fanishe, Nomvuyiso; Mletshe, Loyiso
The study aims to acquire additional information or earn an improved thoughtful of the prominence of evaluating the influence of culture and gender on isiXhosa literature. The intention is to scrutinize the impression of culture and gender demonstration in literature. Furthermore, to have a detailed indulgence of elements of literature on how the study is constructed. this study anticipates evaluating the supremacy of Xhosa culture and gender in literature. The study is accompanied by the aim and vision of learning and acquiring an understanding of the inspiration of literature in culture by seeing a few mentioned literary texts.
A critical and an analytical study of sadeq ai-naihoum’s novel min makkah ilā hunā (from Mecca to here) deconstructive and structural approaches
(University of the Western Cape, 2023) Hassan, Fakhri; Saidi, Mustapha
Background: The novel is considered to be one of the most famous and distinguished prosaic literary arts in the current era, which makes it the focus and target of researchers, writers, thinkers, critics and scholars. Due to the birth of the Arab novel as a modern literary art at the beginning of the last century it was able to absorb the contradictions of Arab societies. Its birth was closely linked to the flourishing of the national awareness of Arab thinkers and writers, as it is considered a reflection of political, social, cultural and purely humanitarian patterns and conditions encompassing all its problems, concerns and ambitions. The novel, according to (Genevieve Idt, 110:1986) is considered to be an interconnected social institution, close in its connection with reality in all its economic, political and social forms. Georg Lukács is considered one of the first critics who offered beneficial and meaningful theorisation about the fictional work through his book "The Theory of the Novel" issued in 1920. He regarded it as an epic pattern which simultaneously depicts a number of human characters, as well as the social and natural environment in which these characters interact amongst each other, that is, it depicts life completely.
Das Fach Deutsch an der University of the Western Cape
(Association of German Studies (SAGV), 2010) van Ryneveld, Hannelore; Mentzner, Martina
The current challenges facing the teaching of German as a foreign language at the University of the Western Cape are outlined. The article includes a brief historical overview and proposes research perspectives for the future.
Designing an Arabic speaking and listening skills e-course: resources, activities and students� perceptions
(Academic Conferences and Publishing International Limited, 2021) Tawffeek, Mohammed
his paper presents a fully online course model for teaching speaking and listening skills for students learning Arabic as a foreign language at the International Peace College South Africa on the NEO learning management platform. It also investigates the students' attitudes towards the course. The course was developed by the researcher during the first semester of 2020. This period coincided with South Africa�s first wave of COVID-19, and the country�s first strict lockdown. The syllabus consists of three components: Listening, speaking and conversational Arabic. It includes various technology-enhanced activities and resources which were developed by using LMS features, Web 2.0 tools, and e-learning specifications such as Learning Tools Interoperability (LTI) and Shareable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM). The integration of technology in the course is based on an approach that combines Bloom's taxonomy and Technology Integration Matrix (TIM). Apart from the description of the course, this study used a thirty-item questionnaire to investigate the attitudes of thirty-one learners who participated in the course. They answered questions about the course�s resources, activities as well as its impact on their language skills. Results from the questionnaire revealed that the respondents' attitudes towards the online course were positive and statistically significant at p <.05. The design and the approach adopted in this study can apply to any context of language teaching. It provides a myriad of technology-enhanced activities that can be effectively used to teach listening and speaking skills virtually. Foreign language teachers can adopt this approach in its entirety, or with idiosyncratic modifications to design their language courses, irrespective of the virtual learning ecology (VLE) they use.
Diversity and cultural pluralism with regard to globalization and the universality of the message of Islam: A study on the fundamentals of discourse in a diverse and multiplex world
(University of the Western Cape, 2022) Sheta, Ahmed Moustafa Mohamed; Saidi, Mustapha
Globalization refers to the process of changing the world into a monolithic system for all who live in it and integrating peoples' economic, social, and intellectual activities regardless of religion, culture, nationality, or ethnicity. The challenge of globalization stems from the perspective that it is in opposition to the realities of plurality and diversity that humankind demonstrates. Races, civilizations, faiths, and passions differ, and it is impossible to remove all the inequalities and distinctions that create the image of human life at any given time. If history cannot be reduced to a single shape, culture, or language, what is the need to reduce the world's diversity to a single style, and what may explain such a trend or theory?
Enhancing instrumental competence in translator training in a higher education context: A task-based approach
(Academy Publication, 2023) Mohammed, Tawffeek A. S.
Abstract�This study aims to design a task-based e-Course for teaching computer-aided translation technology in a higher education context. It also investigates the impact of the e-Course on enhancing the instrumental competence of trainees, as reflected from their use of translation products. This study employs mixed qualitative and quantitative methods using descriptive statistics, pre-post paired sample tests, and an analysis of the translation process. Results of the paired-sample tests showed a noticeable increase in the scores of trainees. The difference in means between the pre and post-tests is statistically significant at P < 0.05. The descriptive statistics of errors have also shown that translation errors decreased dramatically after completing the e-Course. Analysis of the translation process indicated that trainees developed a noticeable mastery over translation competence when employing various CAT tools in the translation process.
An examination of the correspondence between sound and meaning in certain chapters of the holy Qur'an
(University of the Western Cape, 2010) Mutawali, Male Farouk Ali; Mohamed, Yasien
The study of sound symbolism, phonetics and semantics has been of major concern for linguists since the Greeks and the Romans in the fifth century before AD. The idea of sound symbolism - the existence of correspondence between the sound of letters (or linguists, such as Ibn Jinni (942-1002 AD), and modern Arabic linguists, including al- Badr�wi (1999), and Na'aim Alwia (1984), have attempted to elucidate this phenomenon, providing detailed description and some examples from Arabic and the Holy Qur'an. Modern Western linguists such as Magnus (1999) have discussed the correspondence between the sounds of letters and the sense in Western languages. Jespersen (1962) and Badr�wi (1999) have recommended that this phenomenon needs further detailed study and have indicated the need of more examples to be used as reference theory. Using Ibn Jinni's model, this study is an attempt to build on the theory of the correspondence between sound and meaning using the Holy Qur'an as an example. While Jinni's focus was on the correspondence of sound and meaning at the word level, this study will focus on the individual sound segments within the word, and the effect of the word within the Surat. The argument is that it is the individual distinctive features of each phoneme in a word that give the word its distinctive sound quality, and also has have an impact on the meaning of the word. Any correspondence between sound and meaning in a word should therefore be assigned to a particular significant distinctive feature. Given that the focus on the presumed direct relationship between sound and meaning, recourse will be made to the principal of onomatopoeia. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between the distinctive features of the sounds that form Arabic words and the meaning of such words as used in the Holy Qur'an. In particular, the study will analyze the distinctive features, such as a sound being a consonant or a vowel, voicing, manner and place of articulation, airstream mechanism, among others (singly or combined) of the sounds in Arabic words, and relate this to the meaning of the words. This phenomenon will be investigated using descriptive methods and the Holy Qur' an as the object of study.
An exploration of student interpreters� attitudes towards the undergraduate interpreting training programmes at Yemeni universities
(Academy Publication, 2023) Al-Sowaidi, Belqes; Mohammed, Tawffeek
This study investigates the attitudes of trainee interpreters towards their training programmes at Yemeni universities. 61 interpreters in Taiz province participated in the study. A 16-item questionnaire was designed to explore their attitudes towards their programmes. The findings of this study show that the interpreters are not satisfied with the current programmes. The results also show that the programme does notadequately enhance the interpreting competence of would-be interpreters. The programme is mainly concerned with the enhancement of the linguistic and cultural competencies, paying less attention to other components of interpreting competence such as instrumental, psycho-physiological, and strategic. The results also show that respondents are not satisfied with the content of instructional modules, activities used in the training, the time allocated for practicums, and the amount of technology integration. This study has also investigated the interpreting directionality of beginner and advanced student interpreters at Al-Saeed University by quantitatively analysing their final scores in interpreting modules. Beginner and advanced groups in the current study demonstrate different levels of interpreting competence in both directions. The results from various statistical tools show that student interpreters, whether beginners or advanced, are more competent to interpret into their mother tongue, while very few of them show balanced skills in both directions. Additionally, the overall scores of beginner and advanced student interpreters in both directions do not reflect the expected level of proficiency.
The female protagonist�s intersection with the African world of actuality in Beyala�s novel Tu T�appelleras Tanga
(University of the Western Cape, 2018) Glaeser, Jessica; Assam, Blanche Nyingone
In order to overcome the silence that had been instilled by colonialism, several postcolonial female writers employ fiction to restore their local culture and reflect on their representation in historical writings. For female writers, literature often becomes a medium through which they can become active agents of their own destiny by establishing a voice for themselves. Writing becomes a means of reclaiming traditional discourses relating to women. The following study is primarily focused on Calixthe Beyala, a Franco-Cameroonian novelist, and specifically concentrates on the manner in which Beyala makes use of her female protagonist in Tu t�appelleras Tanga to portray the realities facing African Francophone females. The study aims at illustrating that the female protagonist plays a critical role in mirroring both the conditions of females in African societies and the conditions pertaining to Womanism in a universal context. Through the analysis of the role of the protagonist, the study reveals that there seems to be a relationship between fiction and society which is definite enough for fictional characters to be used as prototypes for social roles and attitudes. In order to further investigate the manner in which African actualities are able to exist in fictional narratives, the study draws an extensive comparison between the fictional narrative Tu t�appelleras Tanga and selected non-fictional Cameroonian laws dating from 1980 to 2017. By addressing the intentions of fictional narratives, the study reveals a possible association between Beyala�s fiction and the African world of actuality relative to the African females� predicament that is associated with patriarchal dominance, prostitution, the lack of agency as well as economic exploitation. To conclude, the paper maintains that Francophone African female novelists, and, in particular, Beyala, make use of fictional narratives to not only highlight the pivotal issues regarding the status of African women but also creates a voice for future female generations to become empowered through the act of narration.
The female protagonist�s intersection with the African world of actuality in Beyala�s novel Tu t�appelleras Tanga
(University of the Western Cape, 2019) Glaeser, Jessica; Assam, Blanche Nyingone
In order to overcome the silence that had been instilled by colonialism, several postcolonial female writers employ fiction to restore their local culture and reflect on their representation in historical writings. For female writers, literature often becomes a medium through which they can become active agents of their own destiny by establishing a voice for themselves. Writing becomes a means of reclaiming traditional discourses relating to women. The following study is primarily focused on Calixthe Beyala, a Franco-Cameroonian novelist, and specifically concentrates on the manner in which Beyala makes use of her female protagonist in Tu t�appelleras Tanga to portray the realities facing African Francophone females. The study aims at illustrating that the female protagonist plays a critical role in mirroring both the conditions of females in African societies and the conditions pertaining to Womanism in a universal context. Through the analysis of the role of the protagonist, the study reveals that there seems to be a relationship between fiction and society which is definite enough for fictional characters to be used as prototypes for social roles and attitudes.
The foundation of the Caliphate and Imamate in Islam: a comparative study between the Ash?ariyyah and the Im?miyyah from a classical perspective
(University of Western Cape, 2009) Ebr?him, Badrud?n sheikh Rash?d; Mohamed, Yasien
Im?mah, (imamate) literary means leading, and khil?fah (succession) means representative. but, in the terms of "Islamic concept", the medieval theologian and jurists has termed it �Religious�Political leadership�.1 the major dispute concerning the imamate surrounding the question of investiture to exercise the prophet�s comprehensive authority (Wil?yah�?mah), as the temporal and spiritual leader of the ummah (community). From demising of the prophet, the matter of imamate, between Ash?ar? and Sh?�ah (twelve) there are two main opinions. Ash?ar?�s views are prevalent among the early Muslims headed by Ab�bakar and his associates regarded the imamate to be right of the ummah (nation), and they chose Ab�bakar. The Sh?�ah implicitly rejected the previous opinion, and maintained that the leadership was passed on through a special designation. This regarded the imamate divinely invested in �Ali ibn Ab? ??lib, the prophet cousin and son-in-law. Therefore, controversy between Ash?ar? and Sh?�ah on the question of leadership arise after the prophet returns and coherences to the two fundamentals central points: First: The nature of the relationship of the prophethood to the political leadership. The Sh?�ah regarded political leadership as an extension of the prophetic mission after the demise of the prophet: �Meaning that political leadership is not simply political rule but it is the corollary of the interpretation of religion, and takes imamate in depth interpretation�2. Other hands, Ash?ar? consider and include it in the matter of mas?li? Al ??mah (public interest). The Islamic jurists definite the mas?li? al ??mah (public interest), any issue whether it is religion or matter of world that could not fixed with fact proof from holy Qur'?n and prophet�s tradition. Therefore, the matter of caliphate emerges it in the mas?li? al-??mah (public interest) which, relies on human agency. Second: The contract of political leadership and authority between the problematic of mutual consultation and divine appointment. This point focus on �aqd (contract) of khil?fah (repress- entative of God) between leader and ummah (nation) and evolves around the problem of consultation, mainly in the Ash?ar?�s view, which is based on "selection system". So, in the historical experience, it can be noted that the consultation as mechanism in the choosing the ruler was not achieved as an "organized system" neither in the period of the rightly guided caliphs, nor in the periods of dynastic rulers. The imamate as a �supreme leadership� had a major problem issue in the contemporary scholars, both the Islamic and secular, since it was announced in the modern context Dawlah (government), which based on nationality and separated from religious hegemony. Its dialectic, in the present article, is to deal with theological and judicial theory. Therefore, in 1979, the Islamic council of Europe published a �concept of Islamic state�. Most of the figures shaded are based on the Khomeini's thought (the founder of Islamic republic revolution of Iran), and Kar?ch?�s Muslim council scholar (they constituted Ash?ar? view). In the Islamic state, the Khomeini thought based on �the Islamic state is constitutional; Government is based on law and the Paramount legislative authority resides on God himself�. On the other hand,�the Islamic state� shaped as �the principals of an Islamic state which centers on the supremacy of God, citizens rights and proper government� 3 Therefore, caliphate it is difficult to separate or detach from prophethood in the perspective of the commentary and interpretation of equally the Qur'anic and Sunna texts. So, difference between Ash?ar? and Sh?�ah around imm?mah (leadership in Islam) are based on the theological principles which rise from the problem of cosmology, divine justice and human destiny. Therefore, the difference can be based on the idea (thought) about these theological principles.
A Grammar of Baca and its relation to Swazi, Zulu and Xhosa
(University of the Western Cape, 1942) Hallowes, D.P; Dlamini, George
The material for this work is based" on field work conducted during three. weeks in February and two weeks in September, 1941. Both periods were spent at Lourdes in East Griqualand, a place well suited for a place well suited for the purpose, being the centre of an area inhabited by the Baca people. The only other important area is round Mount Frere. I am indebted to Reverend Father Jakob for his assistance at Lourdes, to Mr L, I. Venable s and Mr. J. A. Campbell, both of the Johannesburg Municipal Native Affairs Department, for their courtesy in placing Baca speakers at my disposal, to Mr. l. A.H Mulcahy of the Main Pass Office , and Mr. A. G. T. Chaplin of the Swaziland. Government office, for their kind assistance in relation to Swazi, and. to the Inter-University Committee for African Studies for a grant for carrying out the necessary field work
"Grammatical controversy on the temporality of the imperfect tense in the Qur�?nic text" Is it Mu�rab (declinable) or Mabn? (indeclinable)?
(University of the Western Cape, 2018) Hassan, Fakhri; Saidi, Mustapha
This research discusses the temporality of Al-Fi�l Al-Mo??ri� (present tense) in Arabic in terms of structure and case endings. It also focuses on the time of the imperfect tense and how it is affected by the Adaw?t (particles) and justification as well as the meaning, context and the purpose of the sentence. The study also investigates the controversial issues on finding a standardized definition of the actual imperfect tense in order to distinguish it from the outwardly one. It also investigates the changes which the imperfect tense undergoes when preceded by particles and how they change the case endings from Mabn? (Indicative) into Mu�rab apocopate (to be Jussive or Subjunctive). Another focus is investigating the reason why the tense of the verb that comes after particles of negation, prohibition, justification and denial is always imperfect not perfect or future, regardless of the context and the purpose of the text, and the reason as to why this rule applies to all Qur'?nic verses which contradict this rule when being parsed. In addition, it uses semiotics to explain the imperfect tense in the Qur'?nic verses and investigates the effectiveness of applying abstention and assembly to distinguish between the tense and it's meaning in the Qur'?nic text. This can help to determine the actual time of the tense in the Qur'?nic text which in turn helps to parse the imperfect tense correctly and to justify why there is a case ending which contradicts the grammar rules. The correct parsing of the imperfect tense, including indicative, subjunctive and jussive, will pave the way for more attempts to rectify the interpretation of the Qur'?nic verses which create controversy. This can be achieved by presenting the verses which contradict the rules of parsing, making hypotheses, analyzing them and then parsing them in a logical way utilizing an analytical approach.

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