Department of Information Systems

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An analysis of the current and future deployment of Information Systems and Technology at the University of the Western Cape
(Dept of Information Systems, Univ. of the Western Cape, 2000) Bytheway, Andrew J.
In order to successfully deploy information technology and information systems, any organisation must have a strategy indicating where its business is going, an understanding of the information systems that will help to deliver that strategy, and the capability to deliver and exploit those information systems. It is commonly believed that UWC does not have a strategy (although we acknowledge that a draft document has been tabled at Senate since the main stage of this study concluded). There are relentless pressures to change the way that we work at UWC. Strategies will be needed at institutional and faculty levels, and new information systems will be required to support them. Much of our recent investment has been in information technology as much as it has been in information systems and services. These things are different, and it is the systems and services that deliver the benefits of an investment, not the technology.
The Information Management Body of Knowledge (IMBOK)
(University of the Western Cape, 2004) Bytheway, Andrew J.
This text is offered primarily as a reference source for postgraduate students who are concerned with the way that information works for organisations. Although there are good books available, none cover the ground in the way that is done here. This is intended to be a reference source that students can use as they work to research the many issues that we do not yet fully understand, and for others who are striving to manage information more effectively in their professional activities. This is because many professional people (from all disciplines) have come to understand the importance of information in their work. Lawyers, teachers, journalists, logisticians: all are dependent on information for professional success and some choose to undertake part-time postgraduate studies in order to understand more about this. But the breadth of issues associated with information management practice is vast, extending from an understanding of the base technologies that are used, right through to questions of business strategy and how it can accommodate the potential benefits of information technology. The central problem today for many people is the wide scope of the issues that need to be understood. Turning an investment in new information technology and information systems into improved business performance proves to be a tortuously difficult thing, and for many years initiatives of one kind or another have failed to assure success. This text gives an easily understood framework that relates business needs to new information technology opportunities in a relatively simple, staged way. The framework presented here, known as the “Information Management Body of Knowledge” or just “IMBOK”, allows us to locate problems and opportunities and to move our ideas more easily from one domain to another – from consideration of raw technologies through to issues of business practice and business strategy. It also provides us a means to organise the literature about the subject and it is hoped that the fruits of present and future research will accumulate within and around the IMBOK framework. Using it, it is hoped that future students, professionals and managers will have easier access to the diverse tools and techniques that they need; further, researchers will have the means to position their research ideas and to share them with others, more effectively than would otherwise have been possible. In this way, this text is intended to provide a reference for those who are concerned to bridge any actual or perceived divides between information technology “specialists” and business “generalists”. So, this text should be useful for … • Researchers who are anxious to position their work in a context of some kind, where that work is in some way IT-related even if distantly. • Students who are looking for a simple contextual framework within which to organise their ideas, when all that they are hearing and reading becomes too complex to understand easily. • Managers who wish to choose appropriate management tools to ease the difficulty in marrying strategy and strategic implementation to the many opportunities and problems presented by technology. Of course, organising the issues in such a simplistic way might be misleading. Real life is not simple, and the tendency – evident for many years now – of “IT people” to try and reduce complexity by reduction, masks some of the unexpected connections that might exist outside the simple view that is presented. For example, if in an organisation the chief executive office decides that it is necessary to introduce workflow systems, and to eliminate all paperwork, then there can be no doubt that the workforce at all levels will set about exactly that, whatever their misgivings. What readers of this text might find is that there is too little attention to the soft issues: the attitudes that people adopt, the cultural factors that colour everything that goes on in a business, and the relationships between people that so often override pure logic. In a conversation in the UK, a senior academic remarked that the issue of the moment is indeed culture: if an organisation has no cultural bias to embrace and adopt change, then investments related to change are doomed to difficulty, or even outright failure. However, if we are to avoid hopeless complexity we can only adopt one perspective at a time and the view presented here is relentlessly reductionist. It may be the product of a “left-brained” mind, but at least it gives us a comprehensible framework around which to debate our problems and to begin to organise the balance of our difficulties, however soft, people-related or cultural they may be.
Knowledge management in a South African organization: application and comparison of the work of Nonaka nad Takeuchi to practice
(University of the Western Cape, 2005) Harry, Ricardo; Bytheway, Andy; Dept. of Information Systems; Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences
The aim of this thesis is to provide a better understanding of how the knowledge creation process can be used to add value to the management of knowledge in a South African organization. This thesis describes, explores and explains how knowledge is created within an organization, how the organization can use it to add value to its current business practices and how a knowledge management methodology that is aligned with the systems thinking principle, can be used to manage the knowledge creation process.
Information management in the travel industry: The role and impact of the Internet
(University of the Western Cape, 2005) Song, Haitao; Bytheway, Andy; Dept. of Information Systems; Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences
In this information age, the Internet has found a role in various industries such as transportation, advertising, etc. The travel industry, in which communication between travellers and travel service providers is a very important component, has as much potential as any other industry to make full use of this new medium. Already, most travel agencies and travel service providers promote their products and services using web sites. Searching for information online is now seen by many people as a way to save time and cost, especially in their travel activities. In order to fully deploy the Internet within the travel industry, understanding the use of the Internet in tourism is critical. This research sets out initially to examine the role and the impact of the Internet in the whole of the travel industry. But in order to define an achievable scope of work and because of its importance in South Africa at this time, tourism within the travel industry was chosen as the focus of the work.
Instructional design process in a web-based learning management system: design, implementation and evaluation issues
(University of the Western Cape, 2005) Njenga, James Kariuki; Bytheway, Andy; Dept. of Information Systems; Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences
Web technologies have necessitated a transformation culture in higher education institutions. Many of these institutions are employing web technologies whose development, for varying reasons, is not supported by research in their field and domain of use. One such field is instructional design for the web learning. Although there is a lot of research on the most effective instructional design strategies, the use of research for web-based learning applications has been limited. This thesis reports on a study aimed at transforming the research on instructional design into practice by designing an instructional design system and providing an argument for its implementation. The argument is intended to facilitate the design and development of an instructional design subsystem of the web, that would in turn offer effective and efficient ways for creating web-based learning materials to instructors. The study started by examining the various paradigms, theories and practices of instructional design with the intent of using them to enrich and improve the practice of instructional design in web learning. It undertook a thorough and systematic review of the literature on instructional design in order to come up with an instructional design system. The design approach used successful design patterns that have been used elsewhere, e.g. in software design, to create common responses or solutions to recurrent problems and circumstances. Instructional design patterns were identified in this study as the recurrent problems or processes instructional designers go through while creating instructional materials, whose solutions can be reused over and over again. This study used an iterative developmental research process of finding and modelling an instructional design process as the research methodology. This process follows and builds on existing research on instructional models, theories and strategies, and ensures that the same methodology can be used to test the theories in the design, thus improving both the research and the design.
The utilisation of formative and summative electronic assessments in historically disadvantaged institutions (HDI) in the Western Cape
(University of the Western Cape, 2005) Pillay, Paliga; Bytheway, Andy; Dept. of Information Systems; Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences
In this thesis, I explore the benefit of electronic formative assessment on learner achievement. Studies had revealed the connection between throughput and assessment. There is great discrepancy between the throughput rate of Historically Disadvantaged Institutions (HDI) and Historically Advantaged Institutions (HAI), according to the National Plan for Higher Education. Previously, assessment was used primarily for summative and certification purposes. Now, with the introduction of Outcomes Based Education (OBE), a number of alternative forms of assessment can be used. In this study I establish the importance and necessity of frequent, electronic, formative assessments which would thereby improve learners’ achievement in the classroom.The white paper on e-education (DOE: 2003) states that e-education must be transformed so that information and communication technology (ICT) can be successfully integrated to “ensure that all learners will be equipped for full participation in the knowledge society”. Recent research has reported significant increases in learner achievement through educational technology with the use of learning management systems (LMS) software (Stephens, 2001, Buchanan, 2000, DeKock, 1994). This study was built upon this body of research on educational technology and how it can be effectively integrated into classrooms. This research would impact on learner achievement through the use of formative assessment to assist under-prepared learners to improve their summative scores. In particular, the effect of formative electronic assessment on learner achievement in the subject Business Information Systems, for first year accounting learners, in the Business Faculty at Peninsula Technikon was investigated. This quantitative study utilized the use of questionnaires and the control group design. The control group design, which consisted of the control and experimental groups was used on a group of learners who had been exposed to the treatment. The treatment for the experimental group comprised of using a formative on-line learning assessment. Independent variables included the treatment condition, race, gender and home language. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used on assessment. Analysis firstly revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between achievement in the practical component between the experimental and the control group. The Kruskal-Wallis tests showed that there were no significant differences between genders. The control group performed better than the experimental group in the theory test. Secondly, analysis revealed statistically significant mean achievement differences between Coloured female with no prior computer usage (M= 78) and Black female with no computer usage (M=44). Based on these findings, implications of the results of this study, future avenues of research and implementation suggestions are offered.
Management education via the internet: factors facilitating and inhibiting the adoption of WEBCT at a faculty in a higher education institution
(University of the Western Cape, 2006) America, Carina; Smit, Kobus; Hirschsohn, Philip; Dept. of Management; Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences
The emergence of the Internet and the World Wide Web in particular, impact increasingly on the activities of commerce and industry and in the process also change the manner in which courses are delivered in higher education. The aim of this study ws to investigate the relationship between certain antecedent factors and the adoption of a specific technology called WebCT among lecturers within a business faculty at a higher education institution.
Radio frequency spectrum monitoring: Officers' acceptance of monitoring technologies such as fixed direction finders
(University of the Western Cape, 2006) Phoshoko, Silas M.; Smit, Kobus; NULL; Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences
The research focuses on the acceptance of new technologies within the telecommunications industry. The study examines three models namely Innovation theory, Theory of Reason Action (TRA), and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). This study explores the technology acceptance models in order to explain why certain monitoring officers at ICASA would prefer specific technologies over others. Models of interest could be the innovation theory, TRA and TAM. After reviewing both models, the author will examine the TAM in detail as a model of interest in this study. In turn, this model is expected to assist us to understand why monitoring officer's at ICASA would prefer a particular frequency monitoring technology over the other.
A pilot emperical investigation into student perceptions of service quality at the Department of Management of the University of the Western Cape
(University of the Western Cape, 2006) Combrinck, Theodore Peter; Friedrich, C; Dept. of Management; Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences
This pilot research survey was undertaken as a result of the need to assess the service quality within Higher Education in general and the Department of Management at UWC in particular. This report focuses on the complexities of measuring service quality in higher education. The quality of service delivery within education is becoming more important as the competition for students increases.The literature was searched to find a suitable measure with a sound theoretical structure. This measure was then adapted for the department.In a preliminary way this instrument was then applied to students in the department and initial results are reported on.The results revealed that undergraduates overall were uncertain in their attitude to the service quality in the department. On the other hand, postgraduate students tended to rate the service quality rather more negatively (p < 0.004). Furthermore there were no gender differences except for tangibles (p = 000.5).This pilot study could serve as a pilot study of the service quality in an academic environment. It is the main contention of this report that students themselves should be part of defining quality.
Improving library services through the application of business performance concepts
(University of the Western Cape, 2007) Sinyenyeko-Sayo, Nondumiso Constance; Bytheway, Andy; Mansfield, Glen; Dept. of Information Systems; Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences
In virtually any field of endeavour today, access to information is a prerequisite for success. Library services are affected by financial considerations and staffing problems. This work evaluated library performance with the aim of improving service management. Its targets are UWC, and others such as the Stellenbosch University and the Cape Peninsula University of Technology. The application of selected service management techniques and measures used in business will be explored. The study also touched on transformation and change management.
Biometrics application in airport security and the Individual's right to privacy
(University of the Western Cape, 2007) Bhunjun, Ganeshwar Kumar; Mansfield, Glen Martin; Goussard, Yvette
Biometrics is the science of identification or verification of any individual based on that person's unique physiological and behavioural characteristics. As the application of biometrics technologies achieve global penetration, particularly in airport security, so individual privacy becomes compromised. This research examines the relationship between privacy and security, using South African air travellers as its focus, and airports as the specific area of application. Two different approaches have been used for this research. The first is a literature-based approach that discusses the use of biometrics technologies and privacy concerns for airport security. The second method is empirical fieldwork in which questionnaires were used to measure the response of South Africans, residing in Cape Town, regarding their attitude towards the use of biometrics for authentication and their perceptions of the relationship between privacy and security. This thesis tries to give an answer to the following questions: Will travellers accept biometrics for higher security measures, that is, positive authentication? Will passengers be willing to opt for higher security measures by giving up privacy? Are passengers prepared to make privacy sacrifices for the sake of convenience? The response rate to the questionnaire was 91.3% from a sampling frame of 150. It delivered 136 usable responses. The survey findings indicate that all passengers making international trips are familiar with fingerprint technology, as they have had to provide fingerprints for passport and/or driver's licenses. The opinion survey confirmed that South African passengers are more concerned about their personal security than privacy. Respondents would sacrifice privacy for higher security and convenience. The results also illustrate that the majority of individuals would accept using biometric technologies at the airport as a means to improved security. Findings from this research make a contribution towards understanding public attitudes regarding the application of biometric technologies and individual privacy rights, specifically focused on the application at airport security.
Information technology architecture and related strategic factors supporting business advantage
(University of the Western Cape, 2007) Sissing, Donovan; Mansfield, Glen Martin; Dept. of Information Systems; Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences
Information Technology (IT) architecture is not restricted to technology, but may also address the views of business activities; their processes; data sets and information flows; applications and software; and technology. The objective of this study is to understand the role of IT Architecture and related factors that support competitive business advantage. This study investigates the null hypothesis: IT architecture enhances the competitive advantage of business. This study sets out to explore IT architecture and strategic factorsthat support business advantage. The study findings indicated that business advantage is supported by a sound architecture, by IT and business alignmentand by the enablers of organisations.
Transforming distance learning in South Africa with emerging technologies: the academic view
(University of the Western Cape, 2008) Erasmus, Margaretha; Whyte, Grafton; Mansfield, GIen
Within a context of rapid technological change and shifting market conditions, the South African education system is challenged with providing increased education opportunities without increased budgets. Many educational institutions are answering the challenge without increased budgets. Several educational institutions are answering the challenge by developing distance education programs through information technology, but in the case of one institution, strategic intentions involving information technology and distance learning have not been fulfilled. At its most basic level, distance education takes place when a teacher and student(s) are separated by physical distance. Technology, often in combination with face-to-face communication, can be used to bridge instructional gaps. It can be argued that modes of teaching and learning are changing, and we must redefine what is meant by the word "student". For example: what should we really call an adult involved in lifelong learning? The term "student" seems inappropriate. These types of programs can provide adults with a second chance at tertiary education, reach those disadvantaged by limited time, distance or physical disability, and update the knowledge base of workers at their places of employment. The aim of this research is to determine and understand the growing role of information technology in promoting quality assurance in higher education, and in expanding the education opportunities and workplace learning through the use of distance learning. This work investigates how distance learning can be improved by making use of IT with particular regard to the underprivileged, and the potential contribution to national transformation. This is summarized in the research question: "How can we improve distance learning in South Africa with emerging technologies?" A review of the literature, interviews with experts, and reviews of conference papers provided the principle inputs. The academic literatures were supplemented by studies of papers from the Department of Education and other non-academic sources. Based on the reading of the literature, and the views of experts, questionnaires and field experiments were designed and applied to a statistically significant population of respondents. A combination of statistical analysis and content analysis of open questions from the questionnaires lead to comparative evidence about different learning styles and different communities of learners, and the extent to which different learning styles are effective for the different kinds of learners.
The integration of technology in mathematics at secondary schools in the Western Cape to enhance learner performance: an evaluation of the Khanya Project
(University of the Western Cape, 2008) Govender, Indren; Mattison, K.; Mansfield, G.; Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences
There is a dire need to transform Mathematics education in the schooling system in South Africa as this is evident by the poor learner performance in the Mathematics examination results. There is a high failure rate in Mathematics at schools and the number of learners taking Mathematics up to the grade twelve level is on the decline. This study investigates the integration of computer technology in Mathematics education to improve learner performance.
An Information-Based Strategic Framework for Determining the Optimum Level of Project or Service Financing
(University of the Western Cape, 2008) Roman, Danver Leonard.; Bytheway, Andy; Dept. of Information Systems; Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences
This thesis explores and explains the existence of a best practice model to optimise the transfer of funds (the transfer funding process) between funders and service providers in the public sector. Using ideas about best practice in a specific context, the Health environment, it investigates the perceptions of managers about the transfer of funds between the Provincial Government of the Western Cape and the Local Authority of the City of Cape Town, the existence of a formula that will indicate appropriate amounts to transfer to service providers, and how information systems might assist with the process and the formula.
The factors that influence electronic payment adoption by SMEs in two cities of China
(University of the Western Cape, 2008) Hu, Guo Dong; Mansfield, Glen Martin; Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences
This study will refer specifically to the reasons why SMEs are not willing to use e-payment as their first-choice method: the reasons hampering e-payment adoption.
Investigating design issues in e-learning
(University of the Western Cape, 2009) Madiba, Ntimela Rachel Matete; Bytheway, Andy; Dept. of Information Systems; Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences
The adoption of information technology as an aid to organisational efficiency and effectiveness has a long history in business and public administration, but its application to the processes of teaching and learning in education has been relatively limited. At the dawn of the new millennium this began to change, as educational institutions around the world began to experiment with new ideas for the use of information technology. This happened at the same time that commercial organisations began to realise that they themselves could - because of the availability of IT based systems - invest in educational services focused on their own needs. It was against this background that this research project set out to study how South African higher education has incorporated new learning technologies in the delivery of programmes. The study began by exploring the emerging patterns of the use of e-learning in South African higher education. This was to establish a broad understanding of how e-learning was incorporated into the core business of universities. As the study progressed interviews with both teaching and support staff provided course descriptions which were used to expose the kind of considerations that were made in designing, developing and delivering those courses. The main purpose of the study was to answer the question: what pedagogical considerations are necessary for successful course design when using e-learning? By placing the course descriptions on a continuum developed as a part of the conceptual framework in the study it was possible to analyse the course design features that emerged. The framework and its differentiated learning designs (LD1/2/3) can be used for both design and evaluation of courses and can facilitate the use of technology in enhancing teaching and learning.
The use of computers among secondary school educators in the Western Cape Central Metropole
(University of the Western Cape, 2010) Naicker, Visvanathan; Fourie, Louis C. H.; Dept. of Information Systems; Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences
The use of computers in the classroom could allow both educators and learners to achieve new capabilities. There are underlying factors, however, that are obstructing the adoption rate of computer use for instructional purposes in schools. The study focused on these problems with a view to determining which critical success factors promote a higher adoption rate of computer usage in education. This study derived its theoretical framework from various technology adoption and educational models Methodology: The nature of the study required a . Furthermore, it investigated ways in which computer technology could enhance learning. mixed methods approach to be employed, making use of both quantitative and qualitative data. Two questionnaires, one for the educators and one for the principals of the schools were hand-delivered to 60 secondary schools. Exploratory factor analysis and various internal consistency measures were used to assess and analyse the data.Conclusion: Educationists and policy-makers must include all principals and educators when technological innovations are introduced into schools. All these role-players need to be cognisant of the implications if innovations are not appropriately implemented. Including the use of computers in educator training programs is important so that pre-service educators can see the benefits of using the computer in their own teaching.
Using storytelling to elicit tacit knowledge from subject matter experts in an organization
(2010) Classen, Selwyn Ivor; Whyte, Grafton
Knowledge Management has been at the heart of mounting focus over the last several years. Research and literature on the area under discussion has grown and organizations have come to realize that success is often determined by one’s ability to create, disseminate, and embody knowledge in products and services. This realization has led to increased interest in examining the ways in which knowledge can be effectively identified, elicited, codified, distributed and retained.When an employee leaves an organization, the knowledge they possess often goes with them. This loss can potentially have a negative impact on the productivity and quality of the organization. Knowledge Management seeks to find ways to minimize loss of knowledge when an employee leaves an organization. One of the impediments that knowledge management seeks to overcome is the accepted tendency in people to hoard knowledge. People often withhold knowledge when they feel it provides them with a competitive advantage over others. The argument of this study was intended to provide the organization with an approach that it can utilize to facilitate tacit knowledge elicitation by means of the storytelling method.In keeping with Grounded theory principles, and utilising an interpretive approach, stories from Subject Matter Experts were collected and re-coded into fitting knowledge management constructs. The coding of the stories into the various knowledge management constructs was then further refined by means of expert review. Pearson’s cross correlation analysis was also used as a supporting tool to determine and validate that the collected stories were classified correctly under the knowledge management constructs. The research findings eventually demonstrated that storytelling is an effective means of eliciting tacit knowledge from experts. In addition to this, the research has inadvertently resulted in the construction of a knowledge management framework for storytelling.
The realisation of business benefits when implementing mandatory software in an IT department: a case study in a South African financial services organisation
(2010) Fazlyn, Petersen; Mitrovic, Zoran
No organisation has an endless and unlimited supply of money, especially in a recessive economy, and therefore decisions have to be made as to which areas an organisation will invest in. As organisations, such as YZ1 financial services organisation, are focused on seeing returns on investment (ROI), implementing software that is not being used will not render any benefits to the organisation.Research problem: Project Managers (PMs) in YZ organisation’s IT department need to perform mandated processes, as defined in their centralised repository. PMs need to use Financial and Planning Software (FPS)2 software to perform certain project management activities, as required by their job function. However, it was found that MPP3 software, another tool, was used for more detailed project schedules, as well as activities that were not strictly enforced by management, the Project Office or the Quality Assurance team.Therefore, from this discovery, it was not clear whether the intended benefit of implementing this mandatory software (FPS) was being realised – since implementing software that is not being utilised fully would not deliver the intended benefits to the IT department (Devaraj & Kohli 2003), even if the software is termed ‘mandatory’.Objective: The primary objective of this research was to explore and optimise the key success factors for an effective implementation of mandatory software in a department, in order to derive the intended business benefits.Literature Review: Literature was reviewed in the search for models or theories that explore the relationship between the use of mandatory software and the achievement of business benefits. The Information Management Body of Knowledge (IMBOK) was selected as this framework defines the relationship between IT and the realisation of business benefits, and ultimately the achievement of any business strategy.The literature review focused predominantly on the level of user involvement, change management, as well as factors that influence the usage of mandatory software by individuals.1 The name of the organisation utilised has been changed. Refer to Ethical Consideration 2 The name of the tools utilised has been changed. Refer to Ethical Consideration and list of acronyms 3 The name of the tools utilised has been changed. Refer to Ethical Consideration and list of acronyms Focus was given to organisational factors affecting usage, such as top management support and organisational processes. A model was compiled using unique constructs in the Technology Acceptance Model (and TAM2), the Motivational Model (MM) and the Model of PC Utilisation (MPCU) – in order to test user acceptance of mandatory software.The literature study concludes with a review of an approach to benefits management including five stages, namely: identifying and structuring benefits, planning for the realisation of benefits, executing the plan, in addition to the evaluation and the review.Research design and methodology: A case study was used in this research, as it examined the phenomenon in its natural setting, employing multiple methods of data collection to gather information from a few entities (groups and data sources). In this way, it was not limited to only qualitative or quantitative approaches, but utilised mixed methods instead. A mixed methods approach was used in order to elaborate, enhance and clarify the results from the qualitative research through the results of the quantitative analysis.Findings: The main finding, based on the compilation of three models of user acceptance, proved that FPS was not being utilised as intended. There was also no evidence of an improvement in business operations. Therefore, benefits management was negatively impacted. Organisational processes were identified as the most important organisational factor, influencing the usage of FPS software. Own technological capability was considered to be the least important factor, as respondents believed that they had sufficient IT skills in order to learn how to use FPS software.Change management was rated negatively; and as a result, it impacted the usage of FPS, as users were not involved in the decision to implement, and had limited interaction in the implementation process. In addition, there was no evidence found that benefits management was conducted in the IT department; and therefore, the impact of using alternative software could not be quantitatively assessed.Recommendations: In concluding this research, it is recommended that the “best practice”,derived from the pertinent literate should be followed more diligently if YZ organisation is to benefit from the implementation of mandatory software. For example, in this research, it was found that top management’s support of FPS (second most important organisational factor influencing use) was lacking, despite the literature suggestion that senior management involvement in changing technology is crucial for organisational commitment.It is suggested that a more formal approach to benefits management should be implemented. It is also recommended that further study should be conducted – in order to explore the applicability of the Japanese framing (achieving benefits from IT software through the concept of strategic instinct, rather than strategic alignment) in the context of a developing country (such as South Africa).

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