Institute for Social Development

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THE ROLE OF THE CHURCH OF THE PROVINCE OF SOUTHERN AFRICA IN THE SOCIAL TRANSFORMATIO OF THE WESTERN CAPE 1960 - 1990
(University of Western Cape, 1992) Haddad, Beverley Gail; le Roux, Pieter
This study reflects the vital role the church should play in the social transformation of society. It undoubtedly has the potential to be a strategic organisation for social change. However, in the past it has failed to reach that potential. The hope for the future is that the church will embrace that potential and become active in the process of social transformation. The Church of the Province of Southern Africa (CPSA) has been the researcher's spiritual home for her entire life. During this time, and particularly over the past five years, she has sought to find her place in the church's inflexible, bureaucratic and patriarchal structure. While this study was in the final stages of being written, the CPSA took the historic decision to ordain women to the priesthood. Her personal struggle had been vindicated. However, more importantly, the church's decision attests to that organisation's potential for creative change. Thus this study is dedicated to the members of the CPSA in the Diocese of Cape Town, in the hope that they will embrace the challenge, both as individuals and as a community to become active agents of social change. The field research was conducted during the period March 1989 to March 1990 by the researcher herself, who was a paid employee of the Diocese of Cape Town at the time. Both the promoter and co-promoter of this thesis supervised this research. The results were first published in August 1990 by the Diocese of Cape Town in a report entitled, Voices of the Church: An Anglican perspective on welfare and development in the Diocese of Cape Town. Permission to use the research material in this study has been granted by the Most Reverend Desmond Mpilo Tutu, and is acknowledged with thanks. There are many people who during that period enabled the research to take place because of their willingness, enthusiasm and interest: the Most Reverend Desmond Tutu; Bishop Edward the liaison Bishop; members of Chapter and Diocesan Council; the support committee; the 130 people in the parishes who so willingly shared of themselves and their opinions, and in many instances opened their homes; and the clergy of the diocese, who participated wholeheartedly in the process.
Gesondheid in ontwikkelingsperspektief: 'n gevallestudie van Loxton
(University of the Western Cape, 1992) Waterboer, Hannes Matthew; Taylor, V; Redlinghuis, A.C
Die doel van die navorsingsprojek is om die gesondheidsvoorsiening en -benutting van In klein landelike gemeenskap te ondersoek. Dit is egter nie moontlik om na die gesondheidsituasie van die inwoners in isolasie te kyk en terselfdertyd In volledige beeld van die gesondheid van die inwoners te kry nie. Die gesondheid van die individu, en die gemeenskap in die breë, is onlosmaaklik gekoppel aan die algemene welstand van die individu en die gemeenskap (Botha; 1984:2; Wilson & Ramphele; 1989:292). Van die siektes wat deur die armes ondervind word, kan direk of indirek na hul ekonomies-maatskaplike omstandighede teruggevoerword. Die armoede-verskynsels kan dus nie gekompartementaliseer word nie, maar daar moet noodwendig na die globale lewensopset van die teikengroep gekyk word as een aspek van die totale probleem uitgelig en bestudeer wil word. wilson en Ramphele (1989:4) het vier redes uitgesonder waarom In studie van die armoede-vraagstuk belangrik is: * die skade wat armoede aan die individu rig; * die negatiewe ekonomiese impak wat armoede op die individu het; * armoede is die manifestasie van groot ongelykhede, en * armoede is In simptoom van In dieperliggende probleem.
Does the Emperor have any clothes? The diffusion of Japanese Manufacturing Techniques to Enterprises in South Africa
(University of the Western Cape, 1997) Lomofsky, Dena; Maree, Johann (UCT); Le Roux, Peter (UWC)
The objective of this research is to investigate the factors at plant level which impact on the diffusion of Japanese Manufacturing Techniques to enterprises in developing countries generally, and South Africa specifically. This informs the development of meaningful supply-side measures to improve the competitiveness of South African manufacturers. This has been achieved through both a thorough examination of the literature and through field research. The field research documents the implementation experiences in fifteen South African plants which participated in the Shopfloor Best Practice workshops of the Manufacturing Roundtable (MRT). I chose to examine these examples of transfer as I was a participant researcher, attached to the MRT. The central question which guided my research is what are the factors which affect the depth of systemic adoption of Japanese Manufacturing Techniques on the shopfloor in South Africa, and what this indicates for the breadth of diffusion of the techniques across the manufacturing sector as a whole. The research argument is that for sustainable adoption both social and technical aspects of Japanese Manufacturing Techniques need to be addressed. Focusing on the technical aspects only and presenting a universally applicable model obscures the realities of transfer, as the embeddedness of the techniques in the social and institutional context is ignored. The point of departure for analysis in this thesis is thus real examples of transfer, as opposed to a universally defined and abstracted model. The experience and opinions of the workshop participants, and those of managers in their plants, have been gathered through individual in-depth interviews and site visits. The evidence indicates that there are many factors both internal and external to the firm which are likely to constrain significantly the ability of some firms to move in the systemic direction. These include the poor primary education of much of the workforce, poor management skills, wage and social inequality and a lack of participation in the workplace. It becomes apparent that the process of diffusion amongst South African manufacturers is not likely to be rapid or steady, and that the most likely path is one of uneven diffusion.
Determining training needs in the registry/messengers' division of the Cape Town City council: The application of a negotiated model
(University of the Western Cape, 1998) Bodiba, Lesiba James; Mphaisha, C. J. J.
This study is about the application of a negotiated model of training needs analysis in the Registry/Messengers" Division of the Cape Town City Council. The negotiated model of training needs analysis is predicated on the formation of the performance evaluation committees. These committees comprise the assessees, the line managers, the peers and the trainers. Their primary responsibility is to address issues of performance ratings, causes of performance discrepancies, training solutions and/or non-training solutions in the key performance areas of individual employees who belong to the various job families. The study argues that the current application of the traditional model of training needs analysis in the RegistryfMessengers' Division which is both "menu-driven" and "line management-driven", is not scientific and participatory in form and nature. The study has four objectives. The first was to give some background to the RegistryfMessengers' Division. This painted a picture of the organisation, management and functions of the RegistryfMessengers' Division. The second objective was to provide a conceptual framework of the study by examining the existing literature on the contending models of training needs analyses, namely, the traditional model of training needs analysis and the negotiated model of training needs analysis, in public organisations. The third objective was to adopt and apply the negotiated model of training needs analysis in the RegistryfMessengers' Division. The fourth objective was to recommend the institutionalisation of the negotiated model of training needs analysis in the RegistryfMessengers' Division in “particular and the Cape Town City Council in general- given the fact that its strengths far outweigh its weaknesses. The study concludes inter alia, that th~ current application of the traditional model of training needs analysis in the Registry/ Messengers' Division should be replaced by the negotiated model of training needs analysis considering the fact that the latter allowed the collective and scientific determination of the training needs of the employees. The study then recommends the adoption of the negotiated model of training needs analysis in the Registry/ Messengers' Division in particular and the Cape Town City Council in general. However, the following factors and issues need to be taken into account to ensure the effective implementation of the negotiated model of training needs analysis in the organization, for example, educating the employees about the new approach to training needs analysis; identification of key performance areas; conducting an organization wide training needs analysis; development of performance standards for the key performance areas; formation of performance evaluation committees in the various job families; and agreement upon the performance rating scale
The value added tax system: A case study of Rwanda.
(University of Western Cape, 2001) Ntibanyurwa, Agnes; Le Roux, Pieter
Internationally, the Value Added Tax system is recognised as an appropriate tax system for countries like Rwanda,' w-h--o- ·n·-e-e--d-· s_ t_o i_n_cr ease the revenue tential of the tax system. . , _ ___ ,, _____.. .. --:.__.....--- _ _ Although_YAI.J~ considered to be a good tax SY.S.!~m .. itsmo~t_c9~_mon feature is that it ..... ... .... ~. . . .. .. . . , ·· ~ ... . . ·· --· --· . ···· ~·. ·~ .... ..... _ _ ,.._.,. ,_ ;>...,..., ............ _.~ · is regressive with respect to income fair. Despite this sho~~oll:1:~~~h-.Y.beI._ is considered to be a much . ··· . other consumption taxes.
Water conservation and demand management: Policy implications at the local level
(University of Western Cape, 2001) Mgonja, Timothy Gabriel; Penderis, Sharon; van der Merwe, J.H
South Africa is currently experiencing the global phenomenon of water shortage. Current water requirements for domestic use, industries and agriculture far exceed local supplies in many parts of the country. It is for this reason that the South African government has to formulate a variety of policies that govern and regulate the use of water.
Business as usual -small and micro enterprise support versus traditional business practices in Western Namibia
(University of Western Cape, 2001) Pauck-Borchardt, JUrgen; Le Roux, P.; Hansohm, D.
This research describes the current situation of small and micro enterprises (SME) in Western Namibia, its problems and constraints, but also its potential for growth and its capacity for absorption of the unemployed particularly in the informal sector. The thesis addresses a set of problems, especially regarding research in the region, impact of apartheid rule on SMEs as well as lack of business acumen on micro level and the new government SME support strategy which is ignoring traditional differences in business practices on macro level.
Experiences and coping strategies of women living with HIV/AIDS: case study of Khomas region, Namibia
(University of the Western Cape, 2002) Nashandi, Johanna Christa Ndilimeke; Shefer, Tamara; Institute for Social Development; Faculty of Arts
This study focuses on the impact of HIV/AIDS on women in Namibia. Namibia, with a population of only 1.7 million people, is ranked as the seventh highest country in the world in terms of HIV/AIDS infections. The percentage of women living with HIV/AIDS in Namibia accounts for 54% of the total of 68 196 people in the country living with the virus. Women are also diagnosed with the disease at a younger age (30) in comparison to their male counterparts (35 years). Desoite their needs, women living with HIV/AIDS bear a triple burden of caring for those living with HIV/AIDS, caring for themselves and coping with the responses to their infection. There are few focused intervention strategies to support and care for women living with HIV/AIDS in Namibia.
Food, farming and subsistence agriculture: women's voices from u-Mhlanga village, Eastern Cape
(University of the Western Cape, 2003) Skota-Dayile, Nomvuyo; Clowes, Lindsay
Using a qualitative feminist methodology grounded on post-modemist and postcolonial framework, this research represents an attempt to determine the factors influencing the farming and subsistence agriculture strategies used by rural women of U-Mhlanga village, in the Eastern Cape in the past and the present. It also explores what these women perceive to be their successes and highlights obstacles they encountered in the past and the present in farming. The Eastern Cape has one of the poorest populations of South Africa, and the poorest of these are women. Despite access to land, people are going hungry. This study explores this rural poverty that is feminized and goes on to highlight the social, political and economic issues related to ability or inability to utilize the resources that are accessible. The most prominent problem highlighted by these women goes back to colonial and apartheid times where discrimination in terms of race was used as a determining factor to accessing resources, and how these continue to play out today. However, despite the obstacles, my informants still believe that the local agriculture and farming can sustain rural communities.
Assessing the impact of micro-lending programmes in the informal sector in Cape Town. A case study, The Nations Trust Organization
(University of the Western Cape, 2003) Ibrahim, Sabir. M.; Le Roux, Pieter; Rose, Margarita M.
The promotion of widespread entrepreneurship through the setting up of small and medium sized enterprises (SMMEs ) is crucial for the transformation to a market economy and the democratisation of society in \the new South Africa. SMMEs are recognized as an engine of economic \ \growth and a source of sustainable development. Within this sector micro , 1nd small enterprises are of special importance because they are considered as the cradle of entrepreneurship, particularly in environments facing high ketllPIQYII'1:en!and poverty,. as j!) the case ~~.South Africg,
A study of social constraints and economic survival strategies of female heads of households operating in the informal sector of Katutura, Windhoek, Namibia.
(University of the Western Cape, 2004) Seibes-Bock, Barbara; Le Roux, Pieter
This exploratory study investigated the survival strategies, needs, problems, coping mechanisms, possible solutions and future prospects of the female heads of households who lived and operated in the informal sector in the Damara suburb in Katutura, Windhoek. A questionnaire with both closed (quantitative) and open ended (qualitative) questions were administered to 30 female heads of households by the researcher in face to face interviews after snowball sampling. The questions covered three main categories: personal information on the heads of households, the types of business activities they were involved in and their household situation. The quantitative data collected were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel. A striking feature was that the vast majority of the female heads of households interviewed formerly employed as domestic workers, with low social status and poor living and working conditions. Their opportunities in the formal sector were severely limited due to their low qualifications. About 7O%o of the heads of households interviewed were engaged in retail trading businesses: selling of mostly cooked foodstuff, various small grocery items, trading beverages and liquor. They earned, on average, N$10-50 (Namibian dollar) per day, from which they covered their household expenses on a day-to-day basis and bought stock in small quantities to resell. Only a small number of women used unique skills to generate an income: dressmaking (13%) and providing services (10%). The women who sold liquor generated more income than women in the other categories. The major common problem reported was a lack of money and stock, followed by food shortages, indebtedness and child discipline. The study also used the following three theories to discuss and describe how women operating in the informal sector were affected by the principles of the said theories. The IMF World Bank neo-liberal approaches required Government to cut back on social spending to create wealth through economic growth. Since the informal sector activities took place outside the mainstream economy, those measures did not benefit these heads of households. Marxist theory explained how class structures contributed to women's poverty, while the theory on feminisation of poverty explained how women in particular bear the burden of poverty more than men do.
The debt trap: the indebtness of the poor in South Africa
(University of the Western Cape, 2004) Nagdee, Qureisha; Penderis, Sharon; Institute for Social Development; Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences
Providing international loans to governments in developing countries is seen as contributing to the upliftment and development of the Third World, according to a set of pre-determined criteria. From the neo-liberal capitalist perspective, this loan provision is widely conceived as one of the answers to poverty alleviation. Despite this, many Third World countries continue to be steeped in debt through these loans and stringent conditions. On a local level, micro-finance for small business development is seen as a tool for development and alleviating poverty. Millions of Rands have been made available in South Africa for micro-finance by government and backed by international financial institutions. As with international debt, already we are seeing a similar situation at the grassroots level of the poor and low income groups being indebted through micro-loans. They are in arrears with debt repayments, are over-indebted and their personal poverty is deepening as a result. In this thesis, I explore the different aspects impinging on low-income groups that are contributing to their indebted and poor situation. I explore the neo-liberal perspective, namely the GEAR strategy, as well as the micro-finance initiative against the backdrop of international and national debt tied to the IMF and World Bank. The glaring similarities between national and personal indebtedness are then examined. The focus then shifts to a micro-level case study of a group of low-income indebted people living in the Cape Metropolitan area. A range of elements from positivist, structuralist and humanist perspectives is employed to evaluate the circumstances of this sample. Both quantitative and qualitative research tools are used to construct a socio- economic profile of the indebted person. Qualitative methodologies, such as in-depth personal interviews and focus group discussions, are used to elicit information from the sample and respondents were selected through purposive sampling methods for this reason. Qualitative methodologies are employed in order to yield a deeper and more insightful understanding of the intricate web of personal indebtedness of the case study group. Quantitative methodologies included a questionnaire survey that was administered to the case study group and a stratified random sample was used to select participants. The summary profiling indicates that it is mainly single Xhosa-speaking women who are indebted and that all respondents are grant recipients. Further findings show that not only are respondents indebted to money-lenders and/or credit stores, but also to the local “spaza shop” and to the municipality in terms of their inability to pay for services as well. Serious concerns regarding lending practices, interest rates and absence of contracts were highlighted. Most disturbing is that it appears that a pattern of indebtedness is being established between generations. I argue that current legislation is inadequate and that the proposed new Consumer Credit legislation be translated into action otherwise the pattern of indebtedness will continue to persist. Further arguments are made for access to appropriate banking facilities and the importance of personal and national savings is stressed, if debt freedom and genuine development is to take place. I advocate for a re-thinking of the GEAR strategy, for a Basic Income Grant and for the building of popular movements to lobby and demand these changes and initiatives. The rationale put forward is that indebtedness is a symptom of the larger problem of poverty and unemployment; this therefore necessitates meaningful structural changes to address these overarching problems.
An explorative study of child and youth care workers experiences of "lifespace therapeutic care"
(University of the Western Cape, 2004) Smith, Jennifer Ann; Terblanche, Susan S.; Dept. of Social Work; Faculty of Community and Health Sciences
The goal of this research was to explore and describe child and youth care workers lived experiences of life space therapeutic care in a residential setting. Life space refers to the daily living environment, context and situation of children.
Community development initiatives and poverty reduction: the role of the Ethiopian Kale Heywot Church in Ethiopia
(University of the Western Cape, 2004) Tefera Talore Abiche; Penderis, Sharon; Institute for Social Development; Faculty of Arts
Ethiopia is a country well endowed with a number of development related NGOs who have been involved in socio-economic development at national, regional and grassroots level. In a country like Ethiopia, where natural and man-made hazards persist, NGOs play a crucial role in terms of reducing poverty and other human sufferings. As one of the non-governmental organizations, the Ethiopian Kale Heywot Church Development Program (EKHCDP) has played an important role in supporting and encouraging the development aspirations of local communities in the areas of environmental rehabilitation, water and sanitation, agriculture, health, education, credit and saving schemes.The study focused on the Ethiopian Kale Heywot Church community development program in five selected project areas, namely Lambuda, Durame, Shashamane, Debraziet and Nazret. The analysis subsequently examined the nature and extent of community participation in the project planning, implementation and decision-making phases. Thereafter, the study brought into focus general observations gleaned from the investigation and provides recommendation to the EKHC and other stakeholders that have been involved in development activities. Quantitative and qualitative methods of research have been applied throughout the investigation. Accordingly, observation, in depth interviews, focus group discussions and structured and semi-structured questionnaires were used to gather information. The qualitative mode was employed to gather socially dynamic information on issues relating to beneficiaries’ perceptions of processes in order to gain a deeper understanding of the dynamics at play. On the other hand, the quantitative mode was used to test variables related to the research problem. The findings indicate that the Ethiopian Kale Heywot Church development program has played a significant role in terms of community development. Moreover, its development approach is responsive to local needs and able to mobilize local and external resources to support the poor, so that through empowerment and participation they will be released from the deprivation trap that they find themselves in. The study also indicates that the EKHCDP has good linkages and networks with other communities and partners. However, the study indicated that the intensity of community participation in decision-making is still low in certain cases. Meanwhile, the beneficiaries did not show a clear understanding of aspects such as project ownership. Finally, this study recommends that genuine community participation should be maintained because it is the core activity contributing to beneficiary empowerment and grassroots institutional capacity building and an essential ingredient for self-reliance and project sustainability.
Sustainable tourism development: A case study of Bazaruto Island in Inhambane, Mozambique
(University of the Western Cape, 2004) Ricardo, Gilberto; Le Roux, Pieter; Institute for Social Development; Faculty of Arts
Sustainable tourism development strategies are regarded as suitable for developed countries, while pro-poor tourism strategies are seen as suitable approaches for underdeveloped countries. Both approaches stress the importance of local community-based or collaborative tourism management. The goal of these strategies is for local communities to achieve a more equitable share of benefits accruing from tourism development. This study dealt with the problem of which policy changes need to be brought about to ensure sustainable tourism development on Bazaruto Island. From an economic perspective, one would wish to examine the economic returns to tourism, ensuring that as many of the benefits as possible stay within Mozambique while some accrue to local community members. In addition, from an ecological perspective, it would be necessary to ensure that much of the pristine environment is retained. The local community would wish to ensure significant participation in preserving and promoting its culture as part of the development of tourism.
Poverty and government expenditure: an assessment of the impact of government expenditure and interventions on poor groups with a focus on Rwanda
(University of the Western Cape, 2004) Musahara, Herman; Le Roux, Pieter; Institute for Social Development; Faculty of Arts
In this thesis the author undertook a poverty and policy analysis. It is argued that it is important to understand the nature, magnitude and context of poverty before one can undertake an informed policy prescription. Existing theories of poverty, welfare regimes and social policies offer a lot of useful lessons for policy, but have limitations in offering a single model for Rwanda. The thesis demonstrated that, not only is Rwandan poverty multifaceted and deep, but it is characterized by a poverty conflict trap that can be traced back to the entire post colonial period. The author argued however that the current policy is not only inefficient in targeting poverty, but it may be unable to meet the challenges of growth, redistribution and conflict mitigation. The thesis, after further analyzing policy options, puts forward a package that is needed to reduce poverty in Rwanda in the long term and to break the poverty conflict trap. The prescribed package is put forward as a comprehensive and institutionalized social policy, which Rwanda so far does not have.
Decentralisation and local governance in the Lilongwe district of Malawi
(University of the Western Cape, 2005) Msewa, Edwin Filbert; Coning, Professor De; Penderis, Sharon; Institute for Social Development; Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences
This research measured the impact of decentralisation on the promotion of good local governance in the Lilongwe District Assembly. The study explored the condition of local governance by examining the status of the facets that underpin local governance namely participation, transparency and accountability, gender equity and efficiency. It highlighted dilemmas associated with implementing decentralisation in areas where there are no functioning local institutions and where tendencies of centralisation still loom large.
Community service in Uganda as an alternative to imprisonment: a case study of Masaka and Mukono districts
(University of the Western Cape, 2005) Birungi, Charles; Lees, Marion Keim; Sloth-Nielsen, Julia; Institute for Social Development; Faculty of Arts
Community service as an alternative to imprisonment at its inception was taken up very strongly by the judiciary as part of the reform of the criminal justice system in Uganda. The successful enactment of the Community Service Act, Act no: 5/2000, was an achievement towards the implementation of the programme in the country. However, its implementation as an alternative sentence is currently proceeding at a slow pace. The Ugandan law still allows courts to exercise their discretionary powers with regard to either using prison sentences or community service. Courts still seem to prefer to use imprisonment irrespective of the nature of the offence, thus leading to unwarranted government expenditure and prison overcrowding. An additional problem is that some offenders come out of prison having been negatively affected by their interaction with even more serious offenders. This study was undertaken to establish whether community service as an alternative to imprisonment can be effective with regard to reducing recidivism and to accelerating reconciliation and reintegration of minor offenders back into their communities.
Youth development through intercultural performance: A case study from Wesbank Arts and Culture Group, South Africa
(University of the Western Cape, 2005) Popova, Vlada; Dyers, Charlyn; Institute for Social Development; Faculty of Arts
The research took place while the author worked as a volunteer theatre practitioner with the Arts and Culture Group in Wesbank township near Kuils River, Cape Town, South Africa. This organisation was founded in 2002 and was the result of one woman's efforts to keep the children of Wesbank off the streets, by keeping them busy through dance, song and drama. This study investigated the impact of basic theatre training, working towards performance and the performative act itself on the psyche of the drama group participants. More specifically, the study investigated in what ways being involved in a performance can help children and young people in an underprivileged community of Wesbank to develop confidence, a sense of competence, self-reliance, creative thinking, responsibility and the ability to work as an ensemble. The research was to a great extent focused on cross-cultural communication. How could the "Cape Coloured" and Xhosa members of the group overcome cultural barriers and express their cultural uniqueness equally through taking part in multicultural theatre performance.
Assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of targeting methods in public works programmes in Malawi: the case of MASAF and CARE managed programmes in the central region of Malawi
(University of the Western Cape, 2005) Lembani, Martina Esinala; Le Roux, Pieter; Bidlingmaier, Tobias; Institute for Social Development; Faculty of Arts
This research was aimed at assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of community based targeting and self-targeting methods in the selection of beneficiaries in Safety nets programmes in Malawi. These methods have been chosen because they have been largely used for selecting beneficiaries in Safety net programmes. The focus was on assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of these methods where effectiveness refers to the ability of the methodology to reach out to the poorest while efficiency is a measure of the costs that are associated with the identification of these people. In order to objectively assessed the challenges associated with these methods, the study concentrated on Public Works Programmes, which targets relatively high number of people compared to the other programmes and have used both methods for identifying beneficiaries.

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