UWCScholar :: Browsing by Author "Hayes, Patricia"

Browsing by Author "Hayes, Patricia"

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The blur of history: Student protest and photographic clarity in South African universities, 2015�2016
(University of the Western Cape, 2017) Hayes, Patricia
I have three points I would like to put forward � about strong photographs, about clarity and about blur. I also have a number of photographs dating from October 2015 at the University of the Western Cape that will be planted through the text as the argument unfolds.
Cape-�Helena: An exploration of nostalgia and identity through the Cape Town -� St. Helena migration nexus
(University of the Western Cape, 2018) Samuels, Damian; Hayes, Patricia
For an Island measuring merely 128 square kilometers, and in spite of its remote location in the mid-�South Atlantic, St. Helena �punches way above its weight in history�, earning and occupying a privileged place in British scholarship of its imperial thalassocratic age. However, prior to this period in which the Island was indispensible to British Empire formation, it had passed through the hands of at least two former European naval nations before it was eventually laid claim to and effectively colonised by the British. The Portuguese, who were the first to stumble upon the uninhabited Island in 1502 -� naming it St. Helena in honour of Roman Emperor Constantine the Great�s mother -� managed to keep its existence a closely guarded secret for over eight years. For nearly a century, the Island was reserved for exclusive use by the Portuguese as a port for recuperation, replenishing and re-�provisioning, which they usually visited on their homebound journey from trading (and conquering) in the East Indies. This Portuguese monopoly of use of the Island, however, ended during the last decade of the sixteenth century when other maritime nations, particularly Dutch and later English traders, became aware of and started frequenting the Island. The initial overlap period, constituting the first three decades of the seventeenth century when mostly the Dutch and Portuguese shared use of the Island, was cause for occasional hostile encounters between the two nations. Apparently, continued Dutch and English harassment of Portuguese (and Spanish) ships made visiting the Island untenable for the Portuguese who opted to avoid St. Helena and instead make use of a number of their other port �possessions� along the West African coastline to replenish and repair their ships.
Cape-�Helena: An exploration of nostalgia and identity through the Cape Town -� St. Helena migration nexus
(University of the Western Cape, 2018) Samuels, Damian; Hayes, Patricia
In the following two chapters I will attempt to offer a more systemic account of St. Helena immigration to South African between 1838 and 1948. To date, no such study has been undertaken, despite a vibrant oral tradition amongst the descendants of St. Helena immigrants celebrating their St. Helenian heritage and often, in peculiar fashion, romanticise their Island of provenance. The commencement date for my chosen timeframe emerges from a need to authenticate rather tenuous historical accounts of St. Helena�s first mass emigration for the Cape of Good Hope in 1838. Where cases of migration are discussed, these are either incidences of large-�scale 41, often aided, migration and settlement, or of those St. Helena migrant workers initially employed under temporary contacts to work in South Africa, specifically within burgeoning industrial sectors of the late-�nineteenth or early-�twentieth century South Africa.
Digital storytelling and the production of the personal in Lwandle, Cape Town
(University of Western Cape, 2019) Sykes, Pam; Witz, Leslie; Hayes, Patricia
Digital storytelling is a workshop-based practice, originally developed by the Californiabased nonprofit StoryCenter, in which people create short, first-person digital video narratives based on stories from their own lives. The practice has been adopted around the world as a participatory research method, as a pedagogical tool, as a community-based reflective arts practice and as medium for advocacy. It is associated with a loosely connected global movement linked by genealogy and a set of ethical commitments to the significance of all life stories and to the power of listening as a creative and political act.
Enduring suffering: the Cassinga Massacre of Namibian exiles in 1978 and the conflicts between survivors' memories
(University of the Western Cape, 2011) Shigwedha, Vilho Amukwaya; Hayes, Patricia; Dept. of History; Faculty of Arts
During the peak of apartheid, the South African Defence Force (SADF) killed close to a thousand Namibian exiles at Cassinga in southern Angola. This happened on May 4 1978. In recent years, Namibia commemorates this day, nationwide, in remembrance of those killed and disappeared following the Cassinga attack. During each Cassinga anniversary, survivors are modelled into 'living testimonies' of the Cassinga massacre. Customarily, at every occasion marking this event, a survivor is delegated to unpack, on behalf of other survivors, 'memories of Cassinga' so that the inexperienced audience understands what happened on that day. Besides survivors' testimonies, edited video footage showing, among others, wrecks in the camp, wounded victims laying in hospital beds, an open mass grave with dead bodies, SADF paratroopers purportedly marching in Cassinga is also screened for the audience to witness agony of that day. Interestingly, the way such presentations are constructed draw challenging questions. For example, how can the visual and oral presentations of the Cassinga violence epitomize actual memories of the Cassinga massacre? How is it possible that such presentations can generate a sense of remembrance against forgetfulness of those who did not experience that traumatic event? When I interviewed a number of survivors (2007 - 2010), they saw no analogy between testimony (visual or oral) and memory. They argued that memory unlike testimony is personal (solid, inexplicable and indescribable). Memory is a true picture of experiencing the Cassinga massacre and enduring pain and suffering over the years. In considering survivors' challenge to the visually and orally obscured realities of the Cassinga massacre, this study will use a more lateral and alternative approach. This is a method of attempting to interrogate, among other issues of this study, the understanding of Cassinga beyond the inexperienced economies of this event production. The study also explores the different agencies, mainly political, that fuel and exacerbate the victims' unending pathos. These invasive miseries are anchored, according to survivors, in the disrupted expectations; or forsaken human dignity of survivors and families of the missing victims, especially following Namibia's independence in 1990.
From chisungu to the museum: a historical ethnography of the images, objects and anthropological texts of the chisungu female initiation ceremony in the Moto Moto Museum in Zambia, 1931 to 2016
(Universty of the Western Cape, 2023) Mbewe, Mary; Hayes, Patricia
This study examines the processes through which sacred cultural practices and people were made subjects of ethnological studies. It considers these histories through a renewed examination of the contexts under which the chisungu female initiation ceremony of the Bemba-speaking people of northern Zambia came to be studied, and how the sacred belongings of the ceremony were collected and turned into objects of ethnography in museums. This project is conceived not only as a biographic study of these collections and their histories but is also a study of processes of meaning-making about cultural practices and people in a museum in Zambia, the Moto Moto Museum. Founded by the missionary Jean Jacques Corbeil in the 1950s, this museum had its origins in particular colonial contexts and was formalised as a national museum in the period after colonialism. The project involves a critical examination of the work of the British anthropologist Audrey Isabella Richards (1899-1982), and the missionary ethnographer Jean Jacques Corbeil (1913-1990) who respectively studied and conducted collecting on the ceremony in the 1930s and in the 1950s respectively. Their studies led to the collection of images, texts and objects for museums and institutions in Britain, South Africa, and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). This transformation of sacred cultural belongings into museum objects, and the mobilities that resulted in their circulation were part of the making of empire. This was done within processes of colonial knowledge construction that were disruptive, extractive, and epistemologically violent. Ethnological studies and resultant ethnographic museums were part of colonial governance and control, within the broader contexts of indirect rule, which operated through the use of local systems to rule over colonised people
From chisungu to the museum: A historical ethnography of the images, objects and anthropological texts of the chisungu female initiation ceremony in the Moto Moto Museum in Zambia, 1931 to 2016
(Universty of the Western Cape, 2024) Mbewe, Mary; Hayes, Patricia
This study examines the processes through which sacred cultural practices and people were made subjects of ethnological studies. It considers these histories through a renewed examination of the contexts under which the chisungu female initiation ceremony of the Bemba-speaking people of northern Zambia came to be studied, and how the sacred belongings of the ceremony were collected and turned into objects of ethnography in museums. This project is conceived not only as a biographic study of these collections and their histories but is also a study of processes of meaning-making about cultural practices and people in a museum in Zambia, the Moto Moto Museum. Founded by the missionary Jean Jacques Corbeil in the 1950s, this museum had its origins in particular colonial contexts and was formalised as a national museum in the period after colonialism.
Gender politics and problems in Southern Africa: KwaZulu-Natal, Swaziland and Namibia in the post-colonial/apartheid era.
(University of Western Cape, 1997) Mngomezulu, Bhekithemba Richard; Hayes, Patricia
The study of gender is crucial for the achievement and sustainability of the democratic ethos in Southern Africa. The substantial�literature in this field attests� to this notion1 '. It could help us understand why certain gender stereotypes are viewed by societies as given.rat could also help us explain such problems as the unequal representation in most political structures, and the gendered labour system!. In addition, as the quotation a~ove suggests, the way we talk has gender connotations of which most people are unaware. Many males however, distance themselves from public debates on gender issues on the grounds that gender is about women.
The historical development of the provision of schooling in Eritrea during the British rule (1941-1952)
(University of the Western Cape, 2001) Sebahtu, Fessahazion Tewolde; Witz, Leslie; Hayes, Patricia
This investigation deals with the historical development of the provision of schooling in Eritrea during the British period (1941-1952). It traces the origin of education from traditional to modern education under the Coptic Church, the Mosque, the Catholic and the Swedish Evangelical missionaries. Missionary education served as a stepping stone to the emergence of colonial education. Italian schooling, which was based on racial discrimination, was colonial in nature and consisted of two types. The school for the nationals was superior excluding access to the locals and the second, for the locals, was an inferior one. It had two concepts, emphasising the spoken Italian language and manual labour. In general, Italian education of the locals was limited only to grade four and was no better than propaganda and indoctrination. It was based on the glorification of Italy's past and present history, respect of its leaders, white superiority and black docility. Its long-term aim was to create future troops for Italy's further colonial expansion. British schooling inherited a very backward educational system from the Italians, with lack of trained teachers, inadequate textbooks, and almost nonexistent school buildings. As a result British schooling began from scratch, without allocating sufficient financial expenditure. They only assigned teachers, leaving all the responsibility to be covered by the local people like construction of schools, providing residential areas and salaries to teachers. The British upgraded schooling to middle and secondary education. A number of new developments were introduced namely the opening of Teacher Training College, middle and secondary, English Institute and Girls' schools and they also granted bursaries for further education. They conducted inspection of schools once in three months. Above all they allowed the educated locals to play an active role in the schooling activity. In 11 years the number of schools, pupils and teachers outstripped what the Italians have not achieved in their fifty-one years of rule
The impact of migrant labour infrastructure on contract workers in and from colonial Ovamboland, Namibia
(University of Western Cape, 2020) Nampala, Lovisa Tegelela; Hayes, Patricia
This thesis explores the ways in which migrant labour infrastructure and the related operating practices of the South African colonial administration impacted on workers in and from the colonial north-central part of Namibia, formerly known as Ovamboland. This study stretches from the Union of South Africa�s occupation of the region in 1915 up to 1954 when the last Native Commissioner for Ovamboland completed his term of office and a new administrative phase began. Infrastructure refers to the essential facilities that an institution or communities install to use in order to connect or communicate.4 Vigne defines infrastructure as the mode of connections between techniques, practices, social values, cultures, economies and politics.5 This dissertation deals with two types of infrastructures.
The Impact of Migrant Labour Infrastructure on Contract Workers in and from Colonial Ovamboland, Namibia, 1915 to 1954
(University of the Western Cape, 2020) Nampala, Lovisa Tegelela; Hayes, Patricia
This thesis explores the ways in which migrant labour infrastructure and the related operating practices of the South African colonial administration impacted on workers in and from the colonial north-central part of Namibia, formerly known as Ovamboland. This study stretches from the Union of South Africa�s occupation of the region in 1915 up to 1954 when the last Native Commissioner for Ovamboland completed his term of office and a new administrative phase began. Infrastructure refers to the essential facilities that an institution or communities install to use in order to connect or communicate.4 Vigne defines infrastructure as the mode of connections between techniques, practices, social values, cultures, economies and politics.5 This dissertation deals with two types of infrastructures. The first is the colonial infrastructure, which was comprised of tangible facilities such as medical examination procedures, transport, housing, rations, sanitation and postal and remittance services. The second type of infrastructure was an intangible one, based on cultural resources that included domestic rituals performed around contract labour, human infrastructures and practices of hospitality (uukwawo wanankali), all were rooted in the pre-colonial Aawambo beliefs and practices, which passed on through generations even under colonial conditions. The thesis starts with the preparations and arrangements commonly done for a man leaving home for the recruitment centre, when he is away, and when he returns from contract. It also reveals how the ancient Oshiwambo custom siku lyoye siku lyamukweni (a similar proverb is �every dog has its day�) was employed by homestead owners as they welcomed strangers into their homes which later included the migrant labour community. The dissertation goes on to examine the entire recruitment process, explaining why and how the recruiting organizatclassified the workers, and explores the implications of the mandatory medical examination. It also articulates what okaholo (the contract) signified to all parties involved in the migrant labour system. The thesis then investigates how workers coped in the new milieu with compound accommodation and communal sanitation systems, unfamiliar climates, as well as different nutrition and diseases. It examines how workers adapted to a new social setting: without family structures and women; with new liabilities to care for their sick colleagues; dealing with death and the impact of workplace mortality on others and families back in the sending area. The thesis also explores the infrastructure in which migrant workers from colonial Ovamboland engaged before they were introduced to the infrastructure of contract labour. It analyses the approaches and arrangements regarding mortality within which institutions were operating and how those strategies were implemented. The final chapter considers why the colonial administration redirected some of its new technologies and facilities such as remittance and postal services to the migrant labour system in order to serve the contract workers and broader community of Ovamboland. It also deliberates on what the contract labour infrastructure meant to such a society, indicating how people made use of the infrastructures as well as the social impact of these new communication networks. I learned that the colonial infrastructure introduced from 1947 of postal and remittance services served people in ways that were not as oppressive as the other features of the existing migrant labour system infrastructure. The colonial administration ensured that these facilities reached and were accessed by beneficiaries in rural areas of Ovamboland, who greatly benefited from the new services. I argue that many Aawambo eventually adopted these colonial means of communicating (letter writing in particular), a mode they employed across many years, even when the contract labour system was over.
Inside and outside the family album: Making, exhibiting and archiving the photograph in the South African National Gallery and the National Library of South Africa
(University of the Western Cape) Becker, Natasha; Hayes, Patricia
One of the first things that reached me about photography was how a photograph tells a story or stories. This experience is perhaps most common when viewing personal photographs. A few years ago I was looking through a vast number of personal photographs, of a family I knew well, and was struck by how all the photographs (in albums, framed or lying loosely about) were part of a particular family narrative. Even without the storytelling, which accompanied my viewing of the photographs, I could still 'read' bits and pieces of the family history (and the broader social, political and cultural histories) in their photographs.
Living memory in a forgotten war zone: the uKwangali district of Kavango and the Namibian liberation struggle, 1966-1989
(2008) Karapo, Herberth Kandjimi; Hayes, Patricia
Ukwangali district is located in the western part of the Kavango region approximately 70 kilometers west of the regional town Rundu. This thesis explores and documents the local political dimensions which prevailed in the uKwangali district of Namibia between 1966-1989. The study seeks to find out why the uKwangali district became a war zone outside of the main theatre of war in nearby Ovamboland, and how its residents became part of the Namibian armed liberation struggle.
'Looking good, clean and fresh': Visual representations of the self in the Van Kalker Studio, Cape Town 1939-1978
(University of the Western Cape, 2011) Frieslaar, Geraldine Leanne; Hayes, Patricia
This mini-thesis attempts to analyse the way in which Van Kalker photographs enabled representations of the self and allowed sitters a means through which to assert themselves visually especially when considered against a backdrop fraught with the socio-economic and political tensions of apartheid. The Van Kalker Studio, started by the late J. G. Van Kalker in 1937 at 47 Victoria Street, Woodstock became one of the most popular photo studios in Cape Town. Despite the effects of apartheid legislation such as the Group Areas Act (1950), the studio retained its prominence as an institution in which to mark memorable occasions. I have selected these photographs because it has become pivotal to consider how these intimate, beautiful and complex photographs speak to questions of the personal and the familial within an unfolding history of the city of Cape Town. By considering the Van Kalker photographs not only as mere images but as material objects with historical traces that are enmeshed in highly emotive processes of production, usage, exchange, storage, and collection, it creates the possibility that meaning can be found in the way in which photographs are presented, and how they are appropriated and disseminated. Although the significance of photographs as material objects has been largely overlooked or fleetingly explored, I intend to address that loss of material understanding in the thesis by regarding the Van Kalker photographs both as images and material objects that co-exist together. In pushing the argument of the thesis further, I will argue that through the display of Van Kalker photographs as material objects in prominent positions in the domestic interior, it serves as poignant reminders of personal and familial relations. Through an exploration of the Van Kalker photographs and the way in which they were appropriated, this thesis aims to weave an ephemeral visual seam across time and space, one that especially connects those that had theirphotographs taken at the Van Kalker studio despite their geographical dis/location.
Mandume ya Ndemufayo's memorials in Namibia and Angola
(University of the Western Cape, 2005) Shiweda, Napandulwe Tulyovapika; Hayes, Patricia; Dept. of History; Faculty of Arts
Mandume has fought two colonial powers, Portugal and British-South Africa from the time he became king in 1911 to 1917. This thesis looked at the different ways in which Manume is remembered in Namibia and Angola after these countries had gained their independence from colonialism. His bravery in fighting the colonizers has awarded him hero status and he is considered a nationalist hero in both Namibia and Angola. However, he is memorialized differently in Namibia and Angola. The process of emembering Mandume in different ways is related to where his body and head are buried respectively. This is because there is a belief that his body was beheaded, and his head was buried in Windhoek while the rest of his body is buried in Angola. The monument that is alleged to host his head is claimed to belong to him to this day. However, this monument was erected for the fallen South African troops who died fighting him. The author argued that this belief was in response to the need to reclaim a monumental space to commemorate Mandume in the capital city.
Memory burns
(Jos� Frantz, 2020) Hayes, Patricia
Among the photograph collections at Mayibuye, especially from IDAF, are numerous contact sheets. The contact sheet was part of the toolkit of the photographer in the time of analogue photography. The contact sheet is an assembly, the vertical layering of horizontal lines of film so that one synoptic glance can show what is represented in a roll of processed negative film that holds 36 frames. If the strips are placed in the correct order, you can see the number of each frame in the right order from one to 36, which represents the sequence in which the photos were taken.
Omhedi: displacement and legitimacy in Oukwanyama politics, Namibia, 1915-2010
(University of the Western Cape, 2011) Shiweda, Napandulwe Tulyovapika; Hayes, Patricia; Dept. of History
This is a study of the contest over political and social legitimacy in a former precolonial kingdom, Oukwanyama, in northern Namibia, from 1915 to the present. It tracks the historical shifts in this long time frame through the history of one place, a site of important local power, Omhedi. The research begins with the colonial occupation of the kingdom by Portugal and South Africa during World War 1, which resulted in the displacement of the kingship to the southern half of the territory which was now bifurcated by an international boundary between Angola and South West Africa. Following resistance by the last king Mandume, the institution of kingship was abolished and a Council of Headmen installed in its place. Omhedi emerged as a site of important opposition to Mandume by a leading headman, Ndjukuma, and he became one of the senior headman elevated to new levels of authority by olonial rule. The thesis tracks the establishment and consolidation of the policy of Indirect Rule under South Africa, whose aim was the efficient supply of migrant labour to the south, and the selective preservation of traditional customs in Oukwanyama in order to maintain stability in a time of rapid change. The main contribution of the research however is to follow this story into the second half of the 20th century, when Ndjukuma was succeeded by Nehemia Shoovaleka and then Gabriel Kautwima, at a time when nationalist opposition to South African rule was growing and old political legitimacies were tested. Omhedi became a site of the enforcement of headmen�s authority over both striking workers and the educated elite in the early 1970s when Ovamboland became a Bantustan homeland under apartheid. After Independence in 1990 and the demise of Kautwima, Omhedi remained empty until the restoration of the Kwanyama kingship occurred under postcolonial legislation on Traditional Authorities. The question becomes one of how political legitimacy can be reactivated at such a contradictory site of �traditional� power like Omhedi, now the seat of the new Kwanyama Queen. The thesis engages with notions of gender, history, landscape and memory, as well as theories of space developed by Lefebvre and de Certeau, in order to understand the local reconceptualisation of Omhedi as different things over different times. It also analyses the textual, visual and cultural representations of the place, most notably under colonial rule, and the impact of this archive (or its limits) on postcolonial political developments
The palaces of memory: a reconstruction of District One, Cape Town, before and after the Group Areas Act
(University of the Western Cape, 2006) Weeder, Michael Ian; Hayes, Patricia; Dept. of History; Faculty of Arts
This thesis started off as a biographical discussion on my association with District One. I was able to widen the scope of this thesis as my research brought more information to light with regard to the city�s past. The dramatic uncovering of the Prestwich burial ground and subsequent struggles provided the impetus to link the past with contemporary concerns on identity and memory. The narrative of District One is about the topography of the land and people while the archive of the area reflects a history of punishment, settlement, removal and memory. The disinterment of the skeletal remains from the Prestwich burial ground evokes a prior unsettlement and a historical routine of multiple dislocations and separations. The public domain contains seemingly little information on the history of the dockland area of District One. However, I want to suggest that the area has generated a powerful archaeological and social archive of the city�s founding antecedents. This includes the Khoi burials uncovered in Cobern Street, the slave burial ground at Prestwich Street and the denominational and paupers� cemeteries along Somerset Road. These are a register of significant, yet inadequately understood, elements of the making of Cape Town. It is also the nexus of my personal history and I have written this thesis conscious of the tension between myself as an individual and as historian, and the importance of interrogating those early and formative experiences.
Photography and the spectacle of ASO? EB� in Lagos, 1960-2010
(University of Western Cape, 2011) Nwafor, Okechukwu Charles; Hayes, Patricia
This research charts the political and visual economies of aso? eb� in urban Lagos from 1960 to 2010. Under political economy I address the politics of aso? eb� dress in Lagos: the contestations surrounding the use of aso? eb� among friends, family members, organizations, among others. Under visual economy I engage the role of photography and other visual cultural practices in the practice of aso? eb�. From the 1960s aso? eb� began to be redefined in line with the cultural and socio-economic changes that came with late global capitalism. Within aso? eb� practice in the city of Lagos meanings of friendship, solidarity, camaraderie and wealth have undergone radical transformation as more people migrate to the city after Nigeria�s independence. From the 1970s through the 1980s, individuals were compelled by the economic conditions to adopt new modes of aso? eb� practice. For example new types of textile materials used for aso? eb� expanded to include cheaper textiles imported from China and elsewhere. Instead of offering aso ebi free, individuals sold it to their friends and within such transactions, politics of exclusion and inclusion ensued. From the 1990s through the 2000s, the rise of digital photography and the emergence of radical printing technology ushered a new mode of fashioning aso? eb�. In the process, photography and fashion magazines became a means of negotiating sartorial elegance and cosmopolitan modernity. In this thesis, therefore, the central argument resides in the contestations surrounding the use and meanings of aso? eb� within these transformations in the city of Lagos.
Photography, facebook and virtualisation of resistance in Nigeria
(University of the Western Cape, 2016) Agbo, George Emeka; Hayes, Patricia
Nigerian post-independence history (1960 to the present date) is steeped in socio-political upheavals. The majority of the citizens are frustrated with the injustice, inequality and fraudulent politics that pervade the country. The central argument of this thesis is that these conditions are critiqued through the photographic practices produced on Facebook. Through the circulation of photographs and the conversations around them on the social media platform, Nigerians demand social change. The sociality that underpins the visuality of social networking is explained by Ariella Azoulay's notion of "civil discourse," which theoretically organises the thrust of this thesis. The formulation suggests that the photograph is an outcome of the interaction among many individuals. It is a site of exchange, a process which I have argued to be reinforced by digital and internet technology. For five years, I have followed the visual social production on Facebook in the context of virtual participant observation, downloading photographs and the comments that go with them. A number of the photographs and the accompanying comments are analysed with semiotic tools to understand the key concerns of Nigerians. To explain how the agitation is presented, and the efforts invested in the production, I have reflected on the related questions of technological mediations and appropriations. A network of digital infrastructure conditions the creation and editing of the photographs and their dissemination and meaning-making processes on Facebook. Again, the Nigerian example demonstrates how state failure fuels activism, insurgency and counter-insurgency, all of which are actuated by digital photographic production. In this situation, the photographic image is burdened with the task to produce violence and to counter it. What ultimately emerges are complex relations among people, photography and technology. I conclude that the virtual movement presents possibilities for socio-political transformation in Nigeria. From the perspective of photography, this thesis contributes to the debates in social media activism and how it is shaping politics in Africa. It demonstrates the possibility of reading the tensions in an African postcolony through the connected digital, visual and social practices of the ordinary people. We are prompted to acknowledge the influence of digital infrastructure in the political use of the image.

Browsing by Author "Hayes, Patricia"

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