Department of Chemistry

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Browsing by Author "Ajayi, Rachel F."

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    Functionalities of electrochemical fluoroquinolone sensors and biosensors
    (Sringer, 2023) Ajayi, Rachel F.; Nepfumbada, Collen; Mthombeni, Nomcebo H.
    Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are a class of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents that are used to treat variety of infectious diseases. This class of antibiotics was being used for patients exhibiting early symptoms of a human respiratory disease known as the COVID-19 virus. As a result, this outbreak causes an increase in drug-resistant strains and environmental pollution, both of which pose serious threats to biota and human health. Thus, to ensure public health and prevent antimicrobial resistance, it is crucial to develop efective detection methods for FQs determination in water bodies even at trace levels. Due to their characteristics like specifcity, selectivity, sensitivity, and low detection limits, electrochemical biosensors are promising future platforms for quick and on-site monitoring of FQs residues in a variety of samples when compared to conventional detection techniques. Despite their excellent properties, biosensor stability continues to be a problem even today. However, the integration of nanomaterials (NMs) could improve biocompatibility, stability, sensitivity, and speed of response in biosen sors. This review concentrated on recent developments and contemporary methods in FQs biosensors. Furthermore, a variety of modifcation materials on the electrode surface are discussed. We also pay more attention to the practical applications of electrochemical biosensors for FQs detection. In addition, the existing challenges, outlook, and promising future perspec tives in this feld have been proposed. We hope that this review can serve as a bedrock for future researchers and provide new ideas for the development of electrochemical biosensors for antibiotics detection in the future.
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    Gold nanoparticulate modified thioglycolic acid (tga) phenotype nanobiosensor for tuberculosis drugs
    (University of the Western Cape, 2022) Tshobeni, Ziyanda Zamaswazi; Ajayi, Rachel F.
    Tuberculosis (TB) carries on being a major global health issue and it is responsible for 1.5 million disease-related mortality in 2020, according to the World Health organisation (WHO). One of the major causes of death among TB patients is the development of drug-resistant TB due to the inappropriate dosage of the treatment drug, non-adherence to the prescribed regimen or using low quality medication. A fast and reliable detection method (such as biosensing) for real-time determination of a patient’s TB drug metabolism profile is therefore very important for ensuring appropriate prescription. In this study, an electrochemical nanobiosensor for the determination of the TB drug, isoniazid also known as isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) was developed. It consists of a cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) isoenzyme covalently attached on a gold electrode (screen printed or disk) that was functionalized with thioglycolic acid-capped gold nanoparticle (TGA-AuNP), which was green-synthesized with banana peel extract (BPE) as the reducing agent.
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    Indium nanoparticulate-modified polyanilino-co-4-aminobenzoic acid amperometric sensor for the detection of lapatinib, a breast cancer drug.
    (University of the Western Cape, 2022) January, Jaymi Leigh; Ajayi, Rachel F.
    Lapatinib is a highly prescribed drug used in combination with other drugs to treat breast cancer. Due to drug toxicity-related side effects experienced by some patients, there is need to determine appropriate dosage for patients. A novel nanobiosensor for the determination of the biotransformation of a cancer drug (LAPA) was constructed with a co-polymer, poly(anilino-co-4-aminobenzoic acid) {poly(ANI-co-4-ABA)} coupled to ground coffee extract-based, green-synthesized indium nanoparticles (InNPs) to which cytochrome P450-3A4 (CYP3A4) enzyme was additionally attached onto a glassy carbon electrode. Polyaniline (PANI), 4-ABA, indium nanoparticles (InNPs), poly(ANI-co-4-ABA) and poly(ANI-co-4-ABA)/InNPs were synthesized and used as sensor materials. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated crystallinity (average crystallite size of 27.31 nm) and gave a sharp peak at 21.40 (211) that is indexed to indium metal.