The effects of carbon dots on immune system biomarkers, using the Murine Macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 and human whole blood cell cultures

dc.contributor.authorLategan, Kim
dc.contributor.authorFowler, Jodi
dc.contributor.authorBayati, Mohamed
dc.contributor.authorFidalgo de Cortalezzi, Maria
dc.contributor.authorPool, Edmund
dc.date.accessioned2018-06-11T07:13:35Z
dc.date.available2018-06-11T07:13:35Z
dc.date.issued2018
dc.description.abstractAbstract: Carbon dots (CDs) are engineered nanoparticles that are used in a number of bioapplications such as bioimaging, drug delivery and theranostics. The effects of CDs on the immune system have not been evaluated. The effects of CDs on the immune system were assessed by using RAW264.7 cells and whole blood cell cultures. RAW cells were exposed to CD concentrations under basal conditions. Whole blood cell cultures were exposed to CD concentrations under basal conditions or in the presence of the mitogens, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phytohaemmagglutinin (PHA). After exposure, a number of parameters were assessed, such as cell viability, biomarkers of inflammation, cytokine biomarkers of the acquired immune system and a proteome profile analysis. CDs were cytotoxic to RAW and whole blood cell cultures at 62.5, 250 and 500 µg/mL, respectively. Biomarkers associated with inflammation were induced by CD concentrations ≥250 and 500 µg/mL under basal conditions for both RAW and whole blood cell cultures, respectively. The humoral immune cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 was increased at 500 µg/mL CD under both basal and PHA activated whole blood cell culture conditions. Proteome analysis supported the inflammatory data as upregulated proteins identified are associated with inflammation. The upregulated proteins provide potential biomarkers of risk that can be assessed upon CD exposure.en_US
dc.identifier.citationLategan, K. et al. (2018). The effects of carbon dots on immune system biomarkers, using the Murine Macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 and human whole blood cell cultures. Nanomaterials, 8: 388en_US
dc.identifier.issn2079-4991
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8060388
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10566/3796
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.privacy.showsubmitterFALSE
dc.publisherMDPIen_US
dc.rights© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
dc.status.ispeerreviewedTRUE
dc.subjectCarbon dotsen_US
dc.subjectCytotoxicityen_US
dc.subjectInduced inflammationen_US
dc.titleThe effects of carbon dots on immune system biomarkers, using the Murine Macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 and human whole blood cell culturesen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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