Factors affecting fertility and contraceptives use in Pakistan, 2012-13 & 2017-18

Abstract

Over the past several decades, government policies regarding contraceptive access have evolved significantly, shaping reproductive behavior and fertility outcomes globally. Many developing countries have undergone rapid fertility transitions from high to low fertility rates sometimes even outpacing the gradual transitions observed earlier in European nations (Cleland et al., 2006). One of the pivotal factors in this transformation public-sector investment, and international collaboration (Bongaarts & Sinding, 2011). Contraceptive use is now widespread across much of the world, with particularly high prevalence in developed regions and countries such as China. Direct government support often includes the provision of family planning services through public hospitals, clinics, health posts, and mobile outreach teams. According to the United Nations Population Division (UN, 2022), as of 2024, approximately 92% of countries offer family planning support, either through direct public health systems or via non-governmental and community-based partnerships. This policy engagement has been linked to improvements in maternal and child health, reductions in unintended pregnancies, and broader socioeconomic development. A recent analysis of India’s National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019–21) reported that approximately 66% of women aged 15–49 were using temporary modern contraceptive methods. Utilization was significantly higher among urban residents, married women, and those with secondary or higher education. In Bangladesh, data from the BDHS 2017–18 and subsequent UNFPA updates indicate a modern contraceptive prevalence rate of about 72%, with an additional 14% relying on traditional methods. Urban women demonstrated greater use of modern contraception compared to their rural counterparts, reflecting disparities in access and awareness.