Cellular and molecular biomarkers detected in the oral mucosa and saliva in water-pipe tobacco smoking compared to cigarette smoking: A systematic review

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dc.contributor.advisorRoberts, Tina
dc.contributor.authorDalia, Elamin
dc.date.accessioned2022-02-28T12:37:29Z
dc.date.accessioned2024-04-16T13:23:32Z
dc.date.available2022-02-28T12:37:29Z
dc.date.available2024-04-16T13:23:32Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.descriptionMagister Chirurgiae Dentium (MChD)en_US
dc.description.abstractWater-pipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is a form of tobacco use with different names. There is a misconception that passing tobacco smoke through water reduces its harmful effects to increase its popularity. One million individuals smoke water-pipe daily, resulting in approximately five million deaths per annum globally. The toxic effects of WTS are related to the several components of the tobacco mixture. WTS contains 100 times more tar, four-fold more nicotine, eleven-fold more Carbon Monoxide (CO), and two to five-fold more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons than cigarettes.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10566/11027
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherUniversity of Western Capeen_US
dc.rights.holderUniversity of Western Capeen_US
dc.subjectCellular biomarkersen_US
dc.subjectMolecular biomarkersen_US
dc.subjectOral mucosaen_US
dc.subjectWater-pipe tobacco smokingen_US
dc.subjectCigarette smokingen_US
dc.titleCellular and molecular biomarkers detected in the oral mucosa and saliva in water-pipe tobacco smoking compared to cigarette smoking: A systematic reviewen_US

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