Cellular and molecular biomarkers detected in the oral mucosa and saliva in water-pipe tobacco smoking compared to cigarette smoking: A systematic review
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Date
2021
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
University of Western Cape
Abstract
Water-pipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is a form of tobacco use with different names. There is a misconception that passing tobacco smoke through water reduces its harmful effects to increase its popularity. One million individuals smoke water-pipe daily, resulting in approximately five million deaths per annum globally. The toxic effects of WTS are related to the several components of the tobacco mixture. WTS contains 100 times more tar, four-fold more nicotine, eleven-fold more Carbon Monoxide (CO), and two to five-fold more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons than cigarettes.
Description
Magister Chirurgiae Dentium (MChD)
Keywords
Cellular biomarkers, Molecular biomarkers, Oral mucosa, Water-pipe tobacco smoking, Cigarette smoking