Applying the social ecological model to explore physical activity levels and psychosocial factors among undergraduate university students: a narrative literature review

Abstract

Physical activity is vital for supporting holistic well-being. However, undergraduate university students often report low levels of participation, which has a detrimental influence on psychosocial factors (such as mental health, motivation, and social support). Limited studies have critically applied the Social Ecological Model to understand physical activity participation and psychosocial factors among students. This up-to-date critical narrative review explores the application of the Social Ecological Model to understand undergraduate university students’ physical activity levels and psychosocial factors. Databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, and SPORT Discus) were searched to identify relevant studies published in English and available in full text, using key terms such as “social-ecological model,” “physical activity,” “exercise,” “psychosocial factors,” “undergraduate,” “university,” and “students.” Articles were selected based on their relevance to the Social Ecological Model framework and physical activity. The review highlights key psychosocial factors, including mental health, motivation, and social support. Barriers, such as academic pressures, inadequate resources, and unsupportive environments, are also explored within the Social Ecological Model framework. While the model offers valuable insights into diverse influences on physical activity, this study critiques its limitations, particularly its limited consideration of cultural and technological factors that shape students’ contemporary experiences. This review highlights the value of the Social Ecological Model in understanding the factors that influence physical activity levels among undergraduate university students. University policies should adopt a multilevel approach to promote physical activity. Future research should address the model’s gaps regarding cultural diversity and technological influences to refine the model and inform tailored physical activity promotion strategies.