Box-behnken design optimization of photocatalytic performance of znwo4 nanoparticles multiple doped with selected metals
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Date
2025
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Elsevier B.V.
Abstract
Box-Behnken Design Optimization of the photocatalytic activity of the synthesized Na@Mg@Ti@ZnWO4 nanocomposite at different mixing ratios for the degradation of malachite green in wastewater was investigated. The synthesized ZnWO4-based nanomaterials were characterized using different analytical techniques. Optical analysis demonstrated a reduction in the band gap energy from 4.68 eV for ZnWO4 to 2.08 eV for the doped ZnWO4. HRTEM/HRSEM images revealed the formation of well-defined nanocrystals with distinct lattice fringes, while EDX confirmed the homogeneous distribution of dopants (Na, Mg, and Ti) on ZnWO4. The XRD analysis showed that the incorporation of the dopant did not change the phase of ZnWO4. In ZnWO4, XPS revealed electron sharing between 3 s (Na and Mg) and 3d (Ti) dopants. The host and doped ZnWO4 surface areas increased from 24.74 m2/g to 156.93 m2/g. Compared to the SPCE/ZnWO4/Na/Mg/Ti electrode, cyclic voltammetry analysis confirmed strong conductive properties. Maximum removal of 99.93 % malachite green (MG) from wastewater was achieved using catalyst load (0.7 g) (ZnWO4@NaMgTi), contact time (35 min), and pH 12. Even after five repeated cycles, ZnWO4 nanocomposite doped with 1 % Na, 1 % Mg, and 1 % Ti exhibited superior photocatalytic behavior than other ZnWO4 nanoparticles. A toxicity test demonstrated that dyeing wastewater treated with ZnWO4@NaMgTi nanocomposites supported aquatic life (juvenile fish) better than untreated dyeing wastewater, standard water of fish farming, and water treated with ZnWO4 nanoparticles alone. The immobilization of ZnWO4 with the dopants contributed to the enhanced photocatalytic and electrochemical performance.
Description
Keywords
Box-Behnken Design Optimization, Metal dopant, Nanocomposite, Nanoparticles, Photocatalytic activity
Citation
Abubakar, H.L., Tijani, J.O., Mustapha, S., Abdulkareem, A.S., Abdullahi, M., Egbosiuba, T.C., Muya, F.N., Abd-Elkader, O.H., Al-Lohedan, H.A., Ameh, A.E. and Ezzat, A.O., 2025. Box-Behnken Design Optimization of photocatalytic performance of ZnWO4 nanoparticles multiple doped with selected metals. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, p.114012.