Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) (Diagnostics and Radiology)

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Dental practitioners’ knowledge and attitude towards ultrasonography at the UWC faculty of dentistry
(Universty of the Western Cape, 2023) Simpson, Jessica Amy; van Zyl, Tineke
Ultrasonography (USG) - a method in which images are created using sound waves - has gained popularity in the medical field due to its cost-effectiveness, accessibility, portability, non-invasiveness, lack of ionizing radiation, and ability to produce real-time images. Yet, despite the high rate of disease and trauma in the country, as well as the shocking waiting times of other imaging modalities like MRI, South Africa is still lagging when it comes to incorporating USG in dentistry. Could the reason for this be due to dental practitioners not being aware of the multiple therapeutic and diagnostic abilities of USG and, therefore not willing to make use of an alternate imaging modality?. The Knowledge-Attitude-Behaviour (KAB) model was developed for health promotion and is based on the idea that knowledge will directly affect a person’s attitude, which in turn indirectly affects their behaviour. Therefore, in this case, if dental practitioners were educated about the uses of USG, their attitude towards using this imaging modality when treating patients could change, eventually leading to increased uptake of USG in clinical practice.
Incidental calcifications s of the head and neck on CBCT scans
(University of the Western Cape, 2022) Ebrahim, Leila; Shaik, Shoayeb
One of the most notable additions to the dental imaging armamentarium is the introduction of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanning in general dental practices. The multi-planar functionality of CBCT allows for accurate localization of structures and pathology and hence minimizes the risk of overlapping of structure images, inherent in conventional two-dimensional radiographs. Additionally, the large image volume acquired in a CBCT scan means that more structures are viewable. Consequently, the chance of finding incidental findings (IFs) is increased. An IF could be defined as any asymptomatic entity/condition/presentation/region that draws the attention of a reporting clinician, with no clinical presentations prior to the primary exam. IFs occur extracranially and intracranially. Idiopathic, dystrophic, or metastatic calcification can affect head and neck structures and also be encountered as incidental findings.
A study of some cultural characteristics and blood serum antibodies: titers 0f enterococci isolated from the mouth and faeces
(1975) Slabbert, J C G; Dreyer, C J
Crevicular epithelium presents no effective barrier to the biologicaJly active constituents of plaque. Moreover, it seems that the production of circulating antibodies, the development of a state of delayed hypersensitivity and the development of immunologicai tolerance all play a part in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. An investigation was undertaken to study the cultural characteristics of enterococci isolated from the mouth and gut of a group of students, and to determinethe serum antibody titres to these organisms. Enterococci were isolated from faeces and the gingival crevice of 9 male dental students. Blood was obtained from each subject and allowed to clot. The serum was removed and stored at -20 0 C• unt'i l requi• red. Blood serum antibody titres to the bacteria were obtained by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. In order to investigate for the presence· of antibodies to homologous and heterologous enterococcal strains, each subject's serum was tested against all the strains of enterococci isolated. Higher antibody titres were obtained to oral enterococci than to faecal microorganisms. This investigation suggests that there are either differences in the immunogenic iii potential of oral and faecal streptococci or micro-environmental conditions in the host which favour antibody production to oral streptococci as opposed to streptococci in the gut. There are also differences in the cultural characteristics and bio= chemical reactions of the gut and mouth organisms.
A comparison of two liner materials for use in the ferric sulfate pulpotomy
(University of the Western Cape, 2004) Mohamed, N.; Peters, R.
Pulp therapy in the primary dentition has always been a source of much controversy. Different pulpotomy techniques and medicaments have been covered extensively in the literature but due to the increasing awareness of the potential deleterious effects of some of these medicaments, a need has arisen in the dental profession to fmd safer, alternative pulpotomy agents. Ferric sulfate and calcium hydroxide have been suggested as possible, more biologically acceptable alternatives to formocresol, which is known for its toxic side effects. Ferric sulfate is one of the most recent agents used in vital pulp therapy and has enjoyed reasonable success. Further controversy also exists in terms of the type of base which is placed over the amputated pulp. The choice of the base seems to determine the pulpal response. Two bases, calcium hydroxide (Dycal) and zinc oxide-eugenol (Kalzinol) have both been used in separate studies but have never been compared. The aim of this study is to compare the success rate obtained when applying one or the other of these two bases following a ferric sulfate pulpotomy. Presently it is unknown which base is best. In this study, after haemostasis was achieved with damp cotton pellets, ferric sulfate was applied to the pulpal stumps. Half of the cases then received a Dycal base followed by a cured layer of Vitrebond and a permanent amalgam restoration. The other half of the cases received a base of zinc oxide-eugenol (Kalzinol) followed by an amalgam restoration. Overall, teeth treated with Dycal demonstrated a higher failure rate when compared with those that received the Kalzinol base. Abscess formation and internal resorption were the most common causes of failure. Even though the Kalzinol base demonstrated greater success, there were still quite a few failures. This study demonstrates, that even with the use of a haemostatic agent, calcium hydroxide cannot be recommended as a medicament in primary tooth pulpotomies. It also highlights the need for alternative pulpotomy medicaments that are not irritating or harmful to the pulp.
Cephalometric landmark detection: Artificial intelligence vs human examination
(University of Western Cape, 2021) Indermun, Suvarna; Shaik, Shoayeb
Cephalometric landmark detection is important for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. The most common cause of random errors, in both computer-aided cephalometry and manual cephalometric analysis, is inconsistency in landmark detection. These methods are time-consuming. As a result, attempts have been made to automate cephalometric analysis, to improve the accuracy and precision of landmark detection whilst also minimizing errors caused by clinician subjectivity.This mini-thesis aimed to determine the precision of two cephalometric landmark identification methods, namely an artificial intelligence programme (BoneFinder®) and a computer-assisted examination software (Dolphin ImagingTM).
Cephalometric Landmark Detection: Artificial Intelligence vs Human Examination
(University of the Western Cape, 2021) Indermun, Suvarna; Shaik, Shoayeb
Background: Cephalometric landmark detection is important for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. The most common cause of random errors, in both computer-aided cephalometry and manual cephalometric analysis, is inconsistency in landmark detection. These methods are time-consuming. As a result, attempts have been made to automate cephalometric analysis, to improve the accuracy and precision of landmark detection whilst also minimizing errors caused by clinician subjectivity. Aim: This mini-thesis aimed to determine the precision of two cephalometric landmark identification methods, namely an artificial intelligence programme (BoneFinder®) and a computer-assisted examination software (Dolphin ImagingTM). Methods: This was a retrospective quantitative cross-sectional analytical study. The dataset comprised of 409 cephalograms obtained from a South African population. 19 landmarks were selected and detected using a computer-assisted approach and an automatic approach. The x,y coordinates for each landmark per system was recorded and the Euclidean distance was calculated. Precision was determined by calculating the standard deviation and standard error of the mean. Results: The primary researcher acted as the gold standard and was calibrated prior to data collection. The inter- and intra-reliability tests yielded acceptable results. There were variations present in several landmarks between Dolphin and BoneFinder; however, they were statistically insignificant. The computer-aided approach was very sensitive to several variables. Attempts were made to draw valid comparisons and conclusions.
Prevalence and location of the secondary mesiobuccal canal in the maxillary first and second permanent molars using cbct; In a sample of the Libyan population’
(University of Western Cape, 2021) Aburgeba, Hoda; Shaik, Shoayeb
Previously, many studies have used cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to detect and confirm the exact location of the MB2 canal in maxillary molars. It is now considered the gold standard, as it allows clinicians to visualize complex anatomical structures and to perform endodontic treatment safely. However, in the context of this study, the prevalence and location of the MB2 in maxillary first and second permanent molars among the Libyan population is limited. The aim of this in vivo study is to describe the prevalence and location of the MB2 in the mesiobuccal root of first and second maxillary molars and to describe a methodology to enable its geometric location in the Libyan population using CBCT imaging.
The validity of bite mark evidence for legal purposes
(University of Western Cape, 2021) Xu, Yuan Chang; Phillips, Vincent
Bite mark evidence has been admitted into US courts since the 1870s. It quickly gained popularity after the conviction of W.E. Marx in 1974 for manslaughter using primarily bite mark evidence. However, since the development of DNA typing and testing in forensic science, the emergence of wrongful convictions has placed the validity of bite mark evidence admissibility into severe dispute. This mini-thesis is a condensation of the past ten years’ worth of literature on the latest researches regarding bite mark evidence. The theory of the uniqueness of the human dentition is analysed. The accurate reproducibility of bite mark on skin with regard to distortion is discussed. Some bite mark court cases, including wrongful convictions are explored. Inconsistent expert opinions and the lack of standards amongst practitioners are also examined. The aim of this study is to summarize the validity of bite mark evidence in the courts of law.
Sexual dimorphism by measuring the mesiodistal width of the permanent maxillary and mandibular canine in a sample of the South African population in the Northern Suburb of Cape Town.
(University of the Western Cape, 2019) Abdellatif, Abdelhady; Phillips, Vincent
Human identification is one of the major responsibilities in the field of Forensic Odontology as it plays a role in identifying deceased individuals using their oral and dental structures. Furthermore, human identification could be a challenging procedure in catastrophic disasters and mass fatality incidents in terms of decomposed and skeletonized human remains. Identification process can be applied using different methods such as fingerprint, DNA and detention. Gender-determination of the victim facilitates reconstruction and rebuilding in the profiling of a medico-legal case investigation. Gender-determination facilitates the procedure up to 50% for positive identification. Anthropology studies have shown that the sexual dimorphism of skeletal remains and teeth can facilitate the identification process. However, teeth are the hardest structures in the human body and virtually immortal as they can withstand diverse circumstances This study aimed to investigate sexual dimorphism of teeth by measuring the mesiodistal width of the maxillary and mandibular permanent canines in a sample of the South African population living in Cape Town. Two hundred orthodontic study models were used, 50 males and 50 females, between 13-30 years of age.
Sex estimation using the diagonal diameter measurements of first mandibular molars in a Sudanese sample
(University of the Western Cape, 2020) Phillips, Vincent; Yousif, Siddig Bashir Hag
Sexual identification of immature skeletal remains is still a complicated issue to solve in Forensic Anthropology. Sexual dimorphism is the condition where the two sexes of the same species exhibit different characteristics beyond the differences in their sexual organs. (1) The aim of this study is to evaluate the existence of sexual dimorphism in mandibular first molars. The base sample of the study includes 300 Sudanese (150 males and 150 females). Their ages ranged from 17 to 55. The mesio-buccal (MB) disto-lingual (DL) and the mesio-lingual (ML) disto-buccal (DB) surfaces of the mandibular first molars were measured using a digital Vernier caliper on plaster of Paris study casts. The data was analyzed using the t-test. The results showed statistically significant sexual dimorphisms in male and female odontometric features. The mean values of the parameters were greater in males than in females in both (MBDL and MLDB) with greater sexual dimorphism in the MBDL (MBDL dimorphism =28.672 %) than the MLDB (MLDB dimorphism =21.596 %). Conclusion: Sexual dimorphism of 1st molar teeth can aid in the identification of skeletal remains of Sudanese origin.
Diagnostic accuracy of maxillary periapical pathology perforating the sinus floor: a comparison of pantomograph and CBCT images
(University of Western Cape, 2020) Walters, Jaco; Shaik, Shoayeb; Behardien, Nashreen
Periapical lesions are fairly common pathology associated with the apex of a non-vital tooth. Some chronic lesions develop without an acute phase with no recollection of previous symptoms. It is known that maxillary odontogenic infections can breach the sinus floor with succeeding complications. Pantomography, a widespread conventional radiographic technique, provides a generalized view of the maxillofacial region. Advanced modalities like CBCT may facilitate in navigating complex anatomy, which would otherwise be obscured.
Volumetric changes of maxillary sinus post augmentation using CBCT
(University of Western Cape, 2020) van Zyl, T; Shaik, S; Peck, M T
By evaluating the air volume of the maxillary sinus pre-operatively (Reading 1 – V1) and postoperatively, 3-6 months later (Reading 2 – V2) the changes using different augmentation materials will be ascertained. Additionally, the difference between maxillary sinus air volumes using Cone Beam Computed Tomography CBCT between readings 1 (V1) and 2 (V2) will be determined (preoperatively and postoperatively) and lastly the relationship between CBCT reading at V1 and V2 according to age and gender will be determined.
The prevalence and pattern of mid facial fractures at Tygerberg oral health centre
(University of the Western Cape, 2019) Opondo, Florence; Parker, Mohamed
Background: Changing trends have been observed in the prevalence, etiology, imaging practice and pattern of presentation of mid facial fractures in different geographical regions. Conventional (plain) radiographs remain the most common initial investigative tool for general appraisal of suspected fractures, while advanced imaging is currently the most common final investigation. This study explored the clinico-radiologic patterns of mid facial fractures with main focus on demographic characteristics, etiology, fracture patterns and imaging practice. Aim: To determine the Prevalence, Clinical and Radiologic patterns of mid-facial fractures at Tygerberg Oral Health Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape Methodology: A retrospective cross sectional quantitative descriptive study of mid facial fractures was conducted at The University of the Western Cape’s Faculty of Dentistry based at the Tygerberg Oral Health Centre (TOHC). The study population comprised 239 patients who presented with mid facial fractures over 2 years, from January 2015 to December 2016. The data captured included demographic details, etiology, fracture site(s) and radiological investigations performed. Results: A vast male predominance was observed (M: F=5.3:1). The age range was 7-76 years (mean 31.94; SD 13.13). The most affected age category was 21 to 30 years (39.7%) while the least affected groups were children aged 0 to 10 years and patients above 70 years old. A total of 285 individual fractures were identified among the 239 patients (mean of 1.2 fractures per patient). The most common pattern of fracture was zygomatic complex (24.9%) while Le Fort fractures were the least common (5.3%). 20.1% of patients had concomitant fractures of other bones of the face and skull. There was no association between gender and site of fracture (p = 0.812). Panoramic radiography was the most common initial investigation. A panoramic radiograph in combination with various conventional extraoral views were sufficient for diagnosis in 18.8% of the patients. However, majority (53.6%) had all the three types of imaging performed (panoramic radiograph, conventional extra oral views and advanced imaging). The most common etiological factor was assault (73.6%). There was no association between gender and aetiology of fracture (p = 0.537)
The accuracy of the mental foramen position on panoramic radiographs and CBCT
(University of the Western Cape, 2017) Beshtawi, Khaled Raed; Parker, M.E.
Data was analysed from 31 archived cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images and Digital panoramic radiographs (DP) for the same patients taken on the same x-ray machine (Carestream CS9000 3D). The position and demarcations of mental foramen were identified and then compared by means of linear measurements performed using the manufacturer provided software. Distances measured for the mental foramen in CBCT reformatted panoramic views (CRP) and digital panoramic radiographs (DP) were obtained and compared for both the vertical and horizontal positions. CBCT oblique coronal views (CORO) were studied for the vertical position of the mental foramen and compared to those obtained from CRP and DP for the same distance.
The effective accuracy of dental records in forensic dental identification in Sudan
(University of the Western Cape, 2013) Petro, Waleed; Phillips, Vincent Michael
In Sudan there are currently no programmes targeting dentists to improve their own knowledge about how they can be part of human identification by keeping good dental records. In addition, no guidelines are stated by the health authorities about making, keeping and retention of dental records. The aim of this research was to assess the accuracy of dental records drawn up by the general dentists in Sudan with regard to forensic dental identification and compare these records to an ideal dental record. Dental records of 180 patients obtained from six sites (major dental sectors) were reviewed and compared with an ideal dental record. The data was captured in Excel and statistically analyzed. The results showed that two third of the dentists do not undertake full tooth charting prior to treatment and sometimes this is not shown in their dental records; The dentist name who examined and treated the patient was clearly mentioned in 55.6% of the dental records examined. Dentists in Sudan do not request many radiographs but they depend mainly on intra oral periapical views (PV) and Orthopantomographs (OPG) with a fair to good quality. The medical history was recorded in 44% of the total number of records examined. The quality of dental records in this study was poor in general dental practices but was fair in governmental hospitals. An integrated education programmes to increase the awareness of the dentists in Sudan about accurate record keeping is recommended. Clear guide lines from the health authorities for dental recording system should be developed.
A cone beam analysis of the maxillary bony canal
(University of the Western Cape, 2013) Bedford, Mariam; Parker, M.E.
Aim: To determine the prevalence and diameter of the maxillary end osseous canal which carries the anastomosis of the infra alveolar artery (a branch of the posterior superior alveolar artery) and the infra- orbital artery. Material and methods: Data was analyzed from one hundred archived cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. The presence of the end osseous anastomosis in the lateral sinus wall was identified by utilizing axial views. The vessel diameter was also measured in those images where the canal was identified. Results: The maxillary bony canal was identified in 49 (49%) of 100 maxillary sinus.14 (14%) presented on the right hand side, 10 (10%) presented on the left hand side, 25 (25%) had a bilateral presence with a remaining 51 (51%) which cannot be identified on the imaging. From the 49 canals that were identified, 5 canals had a diameter that was 2-3mm wide,19 canals had a diameter that was 1-2mm wide and the remaining 25 had a diameter that was less than 1mm. Conclusion: A sound knowledge of the maxillary sinus vascularity is essential as severe bleeding can occur due to damage of the intra-osseous branch during sinus augmentation procedures. CBCT analysis is required as a pre-requisite for the pre-planning stages during implant treatment to prevent complications such as haemorrhage, sinus perforations or associated vascular anomalies that may arise
Oral cancer knowledge, attitudes and practices among dentists in Khartoum State, Sudan
(University of the Western Cape, 2014) Ahmed, Nada Hassan Mohamed; Naidoo, Sudeshni
The aim of the present study was to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of dentists related to oral cancer prevention and early detection in public dental clinics in Khartoum State, Sudan
A retrospective analysis of the non-odontogenic malignancies of the jaws using panoramic radiography
(2013) Yakoob, Zarah; Parker, Mohamed Ebrahim
Aim: The aim of this study was to report on the frequency of and radiographic features of non-odontogenic malignancies of the jaws as seen on panoramic images, stored in the radiological achieves over an eleven year period.
An in vitro study of composite repair
(2007) Mohammed, Hesham; Osman, Yusuf I.
The aim of this study is to investigate the repair bond strength of composite resin following micromechanical and chemical means of retention in improving the repair of composite resin specimens.
Palatal rugae patterns in a sudanese population sample
(2013) Khalid, Khalid Mohamed; Phillips, V.M.
Palatal Rugae Patterns in a Sudanese Population Sample Palatal rugae are ridges resulted from symmetrical and irregular mucosal folds of tissue and located in the alveolar third of the palate. Palatal rugae identification can have a significant role in forensic identification where it is difficult to use the normal identification methods. The aim of this study is to identify and compare the palatal rugal morphological patterns in a sample of adult males and females of Sudanese population. Maxillary impression models obtained from 100 subjects (50 males and 50 females) of age group 21 – 23 years, of the dental students of University of Science and Technology, Sudan. The data were assessed based on the Thomas and Kotze classification (1983) for the length, shape and prevalence. The Independent - t - Test was used for the statistical analysis. Ethical approvals declared from the University of Science and Technology, Sudan and University of the Western Cape South, South Africa to conduct the study. Statistical analysis showed that females had significantly more number of total rugae on the right side of the palate than in males. The prevalence of the palatine rugae numbers was significantly more in females than in males. Primary rugae were distributed more significantly in females more than males. On the right side of the palate, the straight type of rugae was significantly predominant in females than in males whilst the wavy shape was more in males than in females. On the left side of the palate, the curved type of rugae was significantly more presented in males than in females whilst the diverging unification type was more in females than in males. The distribution of number of rugae shapes in both males and females were seen as straight followed by wavy and least was the circular. The total number of straight rugae was significantly more in females than in males, as well as circular rugae and diverging rugae. In contrast, curved rugae were significantly more in males than in females. There were 11 individuals who did not comply with the Thomas and Kotze classification thus was recorded as unspecified. Page iv This Sudanese study showed significant differences between males and females in the number, length and shapes of rugae. Hence, the individuality and uniqueness of palatine rugae can be used as a tool for forensic dental identification, and possibly distinction between males and females. There is also a possibility that there are ethnic differences in rugal patterns.

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