Books and Book Chapters (Medical Bioscience)

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    Roles of oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation in neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide in hypothalamic neuronal cells
    (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2026) Makhathini, Khayelihle Brian; El-Hamri, Mohsine-Ali; Lahmouad, Meriem
    Neuroinflammation is intricately associated with impaired neuronal function and is a contributing factor in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Significant alterations in cellular metabolism often accompany these inflammatory changes. Although considerable research has focused on understanding these metabolic shifts in astrocytes and microglia, the precise mechanisms linking neuroinflammation and cellular metabolism in neurons remain poorly understood. This study explores the connection between neuroinflammation and neuronal cell metabolism through a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation model utilizing GT1-7 hypothalamic neuron cultures. Our findings indicate that LPS-induced neuroinflammation in GT1-7 hypothalamic neurons is marked by reduced oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and decreased endogenous fatty acid oxidation (FAO). In contrast, exogenous FAO increases, leading to elevated ATP production, while glycolysis remains unchanged. These metabolic changes are associated with increased inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α) and oxidative stress indicators (ROS, NO), as well as decreased synaptic plasticity (as indicated by synaptophysin) and impaired cellular function, as evidenced by reduced gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release. Our study highlights the intricate interplay between neuroinflammation and neuronal cell metabolism. These findings emphasize the significance of metabolic changes in neuroinflammatory processes, offering potential insights for therapeutic interventions in neurodegenerative diseases.
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    Male infertility, oxidative stress and antioxidants
    (IntechOpen, 2021) Zhaku, Vegim; Agarwal, Ashok; Henkel, Ralf
    Within the male reproductive system, oxidative stress (OS) has been identified as prevailing etiology of male infertility. The effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on male fertility depend on the dimensions, “modus operandi” of the ROS and the oxido-reduction potential (ORP) of the male reproductive tract. Hereupon, for an adequate response to OS, the cells of our body are endowed with a wellsophisticated system of defense in order to be protected. Various antioxidant enzymes and small molecular free radical scavengers, maintain the delicate balance between oxidants and reductants (antioxidants), crucial to cellular function and fertility. Therapeutic use of antioxidants is an optimal and coherent option in terms of mitigating OS and improving semen parameters. Therefore, recognizing and managing OS through either decreasing ROS levels or by increasing antioxidant force, appear to be a requesting approach in the management of male infertility. However, a clear defined attitude of the experts about the clinical efficacy of antioxidant therapy is still deprived.
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    The Microbial Aetiology of Periodontal Diseases
    (InTech, 2012) Africa, Charlene W.J.
    Introduction: The study of the aetiology of periodontal diseases has continued for decades with much progress shown in the last two decades. Having moved through periods of “whole” plaque (with emphasis on mass) being attributed to the disease process, to “specific” species being implicated, we have finally returned to examining the oral microbiota as an ecological niche involving not only a selected few species but looking at plaque as a whole where all the players are invited to participate with their roles no longer individually defined but viewed as a team effort with recognition of their individual strengths and contributions. Recent findings using advanced technology, are confirming findings viewed by electron microscopy nearly half a century ago, but we now have the knowledge and expertise to interpret those findings with deeper understanding. This chapter will attempt to examine the microbial succession within the plaque biofilm from health to disease, bearing in mind the susceptibility of the host, the microbial heterogeneity and the expression of virulence by the putative pathogens.