Research Articles (Biotechnology)

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Dual effect of seawater as a chemical and solvent in the pretreatment, saccharification and fermentation of corn cobs for lactic acid production
(Elsevier B.V., 2026) Esa Aqila; David A N; Sukai Y
This study developed and optimized a seawater (SW)-based pretreatment to enhance sugar recovery from corn cobs (CC) (SW-CC). Additionally, the Lactobacillus plantarum microbial growth and lactic acid (LA) production kinetics were comparatively assessed utilizing the logistics and modified Gompertz models, respectively, across three bioprocess conditions: (1) SW-CC in supplemented seawater (s-SW), (2) SW-CC in supplemented deionized water (s-W), and (3) SW-CC in deionized water supplemented with conventional MRS replacing pure glucose (sMRS-W). The optimized SW-CC pretreatment yielded a reducing sugar and glucose yield of 0.277 g/g ± 0.001 and 0.172 g/g ± 0.02 g/g, respectively. The s-SW system exhibited the highest maximum specific growth rate (µmax = 0.342 h− 1 ), indicating favourable microbial proliferation in the SW-based medium. Although the s-W process achieved the highest maximum LA concentration (Pm = 5.545 g/L), the s-SW process followed closely with a Pm of 4.031 g/L, highlighting its comparable fermentative performance. This research provides the basis for implementing, abundant and innovative sources such as seawater for both the pretreatment and fermentation stages during bioproduct formation, thus reducing the reliance on chemicals and freshwater in lignocellulosic biorefinery processes.
Production of Depolymerised Xylooligosaccharides Via Steam Explosion and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Brewers’ Spent Grain
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2026) Arries, Chelsey B.; den Haan, Riaan; Bosman, Catharine E.
Purpose: Brewers’ spent grain (BSG) is a major processing residue from the beer brewing industry, often applied for low-value animal feed or, process energy, or otherwise disposed. The processing of BSG into xylooligosaccharides (XOS), a proven prebiotic with application in the food, beverage and health industries, can be achieved through selective solubilisation/hydrolysis of its hemicellulose content. Methods: In this study, the sequential processing of BSG to maximise the yield of XOS was achieved by screw-pressing to remove a protein-rich press liquid fraction, followed by steam explosion pretreatment prior to enzymatic hydrolysis of the remaining hemicellulose in the feedstock. Results: A combined XOS yield of 37% (kg XOS/kg hemicellulose) was achieved from the steam explosion liquor (two-thirds) and the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated solids (one-third). The crude, longer-chain XOS products were subsequently depolymerised through an additional enzymatic hydrolysis step, to achieve the desired XOS molecules with degrees of polymerisation between 2 and 3, resulting in an overall XOS yield of 16%. Conclusion: The overall XOS yield was increased by adding enzymatic hydrolysis of the solids fraction to the XOS production process, however, the findings of the study presented a potential trade-off between the increase in XOS yield and the cost of the increased enzyme requirements
Sustained release and efficacy of Kn2-7-loaded chitosan nanoparticles under low pH conditions
(Nature, 2026) Phathekile, Bonke; Sibuyi, Nicole Remaliah Samantha; Meyer, Samantha; Madiehe, Abram Madimabe
Delivery of antimicrobial peptides to low-pH sites is a significant challenge, and results in reduced treatment efficacy for vaginal infections. Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) could be ideal vehicles for drugs to acidic pH environments and sustain their therapeutic effects. CNPs were synthesized using the ionic gelation technique and loaded with Kn2-7 peptide. The CNPs were characterized by dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission and scanning electron microscopes. The stability and antibacterial effects of Kn2-7-loaded CNPs were evaluated at low and normal pH levels. The CNPs had a size distribution of 327–416 nm and a zeta potential of 9.61–23.9 mV. The size distribution (340.2–753.7 nm) and Zeta potential (15.9–67.7 mV) of CNPs changed after loading Kn2-7. The CNPs loading capacity and Kn2-7 entrapment efficiency were 35.6% and 78.3%, respectively. The Kn2-7-CNPs were not stable at low-pH and released Kn2-7 instantly; however, stabilization of Kn2-7-CNPs with poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) and tripolyphosphate (TPP) increased their stability and sustained Kn2-7 release at acidic pH. The Kn2-7-CNPs_1 mg/mL TPP-PAA inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus at pH 3.8 better than the Kn2-7 alone. Therefore, the Kn2-7-CNPs_1mg/mL TPP-PAA could serve as a promising candidate for protecting and delivering drugs in low-pH environments.
Global burden of cancer in children and adolescents aged 0–19 years, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2023
(Elsevier B.V., 2026-04-04) Fadaka, Adewale Oluwaseun; Bhangdia, Kayleigh; Force, Lisa M
Background Information on childhood cancer burden is crucial for effective cancer policy planning. Unfortunately, observed paediatric cancer data are not available in every country, and previous global burden estimates have not discretely reported several common cancers of childhood. We aimed to inform efforts to address childhood cancer burden globally by analysing results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023, which now include nine additional cancer causes compared with previous GBD analyses. Methods GBD 2023 data sources for cancer estimation included population-based cancer registries, vital registration systems, and verbal autopsies. For childhood cancers (defined as those occurring at ages 0–19 years), mortality was estimated using cancer-specific ensemble models and incidence was estimated using mortality estimates and modelled mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were estimated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. Prevalence was estimated using survival estimates modelled from MIRs and multiplied by sequelae-specific disability weights to estimate years lived with disability (YLDs). Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were estimated as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. Estimates are presented globally and by geographical and resource groupings, and all estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Findings Globally, in 2023, there were an estimated 377 000 incident childhood cancer cases (95% UI 288 000–489 000), 144 000 deaths (131 000–162 000), and 11·7 million (10·7–13·2) DALYs due to childhood cancer. Deaths due to childhood cancer decreased by 27·0% (15·5–36·1) globally, from 197 000 (173 000–218 000) in 1990, but increased in the WHO African region by 55·6% (25·5–92·4), from 31 500 (24 900–38 500) to 49 000 (42 600–58 200) between 1990 and 2023. In 2023, age-standardised YLLs due to childhood cancer were inversely correlated with country-level Socio-demographic Index. Childhood cancer was the eighth-leading cause of childhood deaths and the ninth-leading cause of DALYs among all cancers in 2023. The percentage of DALYs due to uncategorised childhood cancers was reduced from 26·5% (26·5–26·5) in GBD 2017 to 10·5% (8·1–13·1) with the addition of the nine new cancer causes. Target cancers for the WHO Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer (GICC) comprised 47·3% (42·2–52·0) of global childhood cancer deaths in 2023. Interpretation Global childhood cancer burden remains a substantial contributor to global childhood disease and cancer burden and is disproportionately weighted towards resource-limited settings. The estimation of additional cancer types relevant in childhood provides a step towards alignment with WHO GICC targets. Efforts to decrease global childhood cancer burden should focus on addressing the inequities in burden worldwide and support comprehensive improvements along the childhood cancer diagnosis and care continuum. Funding St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Gates Foundation, and St Baldrick's Foundation.
Green synthesis of Au-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles using aspalathin and their toxicity study
(MDPI, 2026) Pearce, Keenau M; Benjeddou, Mongi; Seatle, Naledi D
Bimetallic nanoparticles have garnered significant attention in scientific literature due to their diverse applications and unique properties. Concurrently, green synthesis methodologies have emerged as environmentally friendly alternatives, reducing the ecological footprint of nanoparticle production. In this study, the efficient synthesis of Au-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles is presented, utilizing Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R. Dahlgren, commonly known as green rooibos (GR), and its pure bioactive compound, Aspalathin (ASP). Integrating ASP as a pure compound into the green synthesis process offers precise control over nanoparticle characteristics, including size, morphology, and composition. Interestingly, the total extract forms an Au-Pd nanoparticle alloy, while aspalathin forms core–shell nanoparticles. Furthermore, cytotoxicity testing was carried out on selected cell lines to assess their impact on cell viability. The cytotoxicity test on cell lines and cellular uptake analysis demonstrated that none of the tested samples exhibited significant cytotoxic effects. ASP-conjugated bimetallic increased the uptake of the nps by the cells more than the total extract. The results demonstrated that the Au-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles hold promise for biomedical applications, owing to their enhanced biocompatibility and tailored properties
De novo transcriptome profiling reveals key drought-responsive genes and molecular pathways in Tylosema esculentum
(Elsevier, 2026) Ekandjo, Annastasia K.; Ludidi, Ndiko; Ali, Ali Elnaeim Elbasheir
Tylosema esculentum (marama bean) is a drought tolerant legume native to the Kalahari Desert and widely distributed across Southern Africa. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its drought tolerance remain largely unexplored. This study employs a de novo transcriptome analysis to identify key genes and molecular pathways associated with T. esculentum tolerance to water deficit. Plants were grown under normal and water deficit conditions in a controlled greenhouse experiment. Transcriptomic profiling identified 144 differentially expressed genes, with 91 showing increased expression and 53 showing decreased expression in response to water deficit. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that overexpressed genes in T. esculentum are involved in key biological processes including response to water deficit, regulation of biological quality, regulation of DNA-templated transcription and chloroplast organization process. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis demonstrated that T. esculentum tolerance to water deficit is associated with activation of key pathways involved in thiamine and riboflavin metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism and MAPK signalling. To validate the RNA-seq data, six drought-responsive genes were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). The RT-qPCR results were consistent with RNA-seq data, confirming the reliability of the de novo transcriptome profiling. Notably, phospholipase C, purple acid phosphatase (PAP and PAP17), phosphatase 2C isoforms, and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) were upregulated, highlighting their central roles in signal transduction, phosphate remobilization, ABA signaling and oxidative stress mitigation in T. esculentum under water deficit. Our findings provide important information on the genetic basis of drought tolerance in T. esculentum, serving as a foundation for future studies aimed at enhancing drought tolerance in T. esculentum and potentially other crops.
Identification of novel tyrosinase inhibitors from piper sarmentosum roxb. oil through chemical profiling and a computational approach
(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2025) Fadaka, Adewale Oluwaseun; Sibuyi, Nicole Remaliah Samantha; Dao, Tran Nhat Phong
The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant skin and other diseases poses a significant challenge to global skin management. Natural products have emerged as a promising source for managing various diseases due to their biological significance and effective reduction of postinflammatory properties, which warrant further investigation through computational research. Notably, 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid, a compound found in essential oils, has shown antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative properties, highlighting its potential in combating hyperpigmentation. To this end, the characterized compounds from Piper sarmentosum Roxb. essential oil was further studied using a computational approach to predict its depigmenting properties. The Schrödinger platform was used to screen bioactive compounds, which were then subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) simulation along with reference compounds. The simulation properties and principal component analysis (PCA) values suggest that this phytochemical has strong binding ability to the active site of tyrosinase, indicating their favorable stability. This also highlights their inhibitory potential on mushroom tyrosinase and tyrosinase activity. These findings provide a solid foundation for the development of a novel tyrosinase inhibitor.
Impact of intercropping on agronomic and metabolic responses of Medicago sativa and Hordeum marinum under nutrient deficiency and drought stress
(Frontiers Media SA, 2025) Ludidi, Ndiko; Guerchi, Amal; Mnafgui, Wiem
Background: Intercropping has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance crop performance and resilience under conditions of abiotic stress. Medicago sativa and Hordeum marinum constitute a potentially complementary forage system for semi-arid regions, yet their integrated physiological and metabolic responses to combined water and nutrient limitations remain poorly characterized. This study evaluated whether intercropping could improve productivity, nutrient acquisition, and biochemical stress adaptation under drought and reduced fertilization.
Integrating Magnetic Bead-Based SELEX with In Silico Binding Analyses for the Identification of High-Affinity DNA Aptamers Targeting TAGLN2
(American Chemical Society, 2025) Martin, Darius R; Cloete, Ruben; Madiehe, Abram M
This study aimed to identify aptamers that bind with high affinity to transgelin-2 (TAGLN2), a potential diagnostic biomarker for a number of diseases, such as cancer and tuberculosis, that is associated with cellular stress. Aptamers targeting recombinant TAGLN2 were selected through magnetic bead-based systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). DNA sequence analysis and Geneious software analysis identified 10 unique aptamer sequences that potentially bind to TAGLN2. A phylogenetic analysis of these sequences shows that these sequences clustered into two clades based on sequence similarity, with the sequences in one of the clades (consisting of 4 unique sequences) showing higher similarity to each other. The secondary structures of aptamer sequences (aptamers 1, 2, 7, and 9) from this highly conserved clade were predicted using the M-fold web server. The binding of two of these aptamer sequences (aptamer 7 and 9) to recombinantly expressed TAGLN2 was verified by microscale thermophoresis (MST). The dissociation constants for aptamers 7 and 9 were determined to be 18 ± 1 and 50 ± 2 nM, respectively. In silico analysis was used to perform molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations between TAGLN2 and all 4 aptamers. These in silico analyses support the finding that aptamers 7 and 9 have a high affinity for TAGLN2 and that aptamer 7 has a higher binding affinity than aptamer 9. However, based on the in silico analysis, aptamer 1 may be a stronger binder than aptamer 7. This study demonstrates the advantages of integrating in silico analyses with SELEX to identify high-affinity aptamers. The TAGLN2 targeting aptamers identified in this study can potentially be used for the development of diagnostic tests for the detection of TAGLN2. This presents promising opportunities for early detection and intervention in diseases associated with increased levels of TAGLN2 expression.
The global, regional, and national burden of cancer, 1990–2023, with forecasts to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
(Elsevier B.V., 2025) Okonji, Osaretin Christabel; Sibuyi, Nicole R S; Force, Lisa M
Background: Cancer is a leading cause of death globally. Accurate cancer burden information is crucial for policy planning, but many countries do not have up-to-date cancer surveillance data. To inform global cancer-control efforts, we used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 framework to generate and analyse estimates of cancer burden for 47 cancer types or groupings by age, sex, and 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023, cancer burden attributable to selected risk factors from 1990 to 2023, and forecasted cancer burden up to 2050. Methods: Cancer estimation in GBD 2023 used data from population-based cancer registration systems, vital registration systems, and verbal autopsies. Cancer mortality was estimated using ensemble models, with incidence informed by mortality estimates and mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Prevalence estimates were generated from modelled survival estimates, then multiplied by disability weights to estimate years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were estimated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the GBD standard life expectancy at the age of death. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were calculated as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We used the GBD 2023 comparative risk assessment framework to estimate cancer burden attributable to 44 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. To forecast cancer burden from 2024 to 2050, we used the GBD 2023 forecasting framework, which included forecasts of relevant risk factor exposures and used Socio-demographic Index as a covariate for forecasting the proportion of each cancer not affected by these risk factors. Progress towards the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 3.4 aim to reduce non-communicable disease mortality by a third between 2015 and 2030 was estimated for cancer. Findings: In 2023, excluding non-melanoma skin cancers, there were 18·5 million (95% uncertainty interval 16·4 to 20·7) incident cases of cancer and 10·4 million (9·65 to 10·9) deaths, contributing to 271 million (255 to 285) DALYs globally. Of these, 57·9% (56·1 to 59·8) of incident cases and 65·8% (64·3 to 67·6) of cancer deaths occurred in low-income to upper-middle-income countries based on World Bank income group classifications. Cancer was the second leading cause of deaths globally in 2023 after cardiovascular diseases. There were 4·33 million (3·85 to 4·78) risk-attributable cancer deaths globally in 2023, comprising 41·7% (37·8 to 45·4) of all cancer deaths. Risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 72·3% (57·1 to 86·8) from 1990 to 2023, whereas overall global cancer deaths increased by 74·3% (62·2 to 86·2) over the same period. The reference forecasts (the most likely future) estimate that in 2050 there will be 30·5 million (22·9 to 38·9) cases and 18·6 million (15·6 to 21·5) deaths from cancer globally, 60·7% (41·9 to 80·6) and 74·5% (50·1 to 104·2) increases from 2024, respectively. These forecasted increases in deaths are greater in low-income and middle-income countries (90·6% [61·0 to 127·0]) compared with high-income countries (42·8% [28·3 to 58·6]). Most of these increases are likely due to demographic changes, as age-standardised death rates are forecast to change by –5·6% (–12·8 to 4·6) between 2024 and 2050 globally. Between 2015 and 2030, the probability of dying due to cancer between the ages of 30 years and 70 years was forecasted to have a relative decrease of 6·5% (3·2 to 10·3). Interpretation: Cancer is a major contributor to global disease burden, with increasing numbers of cases and deaths forecasted up to 2050 and a disproportionate growth in burden in countries with scarce resources. The decline in age-standardised mortality rates from cancer is encouraging but insufficient to meet the SDG target set for 2030. Effectively and sustainably addressing cancer burden globally will require comprehensive national and international efforts that consider health systems and context in the development and implementation of cancer-control strategies across the continuum of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Funding: Gates Foundation, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, and St Baldrick's Foundation.
Sargassum incisifolium and Ulva spp metabolites activity and their molecular dynamics simulation against Fusarium oxysporum 14-alpha-demethylase
(Elsevier B.V., 2025) Aina, Omolola; Klein, Ashwil; Fadaka, Adewale O.
Fusarium oxysporum, a major agricultural pathogen, poses severe risks to crops worldwide. With increasing resistance to conventional antifungal agents, there is an urgent need for alternative treatments. Seaweeds such as Ulva spp. and Sargassum incisifolium are promising sources of bioactive compounds that may offer novel antifungal properties. This study investigates the antifungal activity of acetone extracts from Ulva spp. and Sargassum incisifolium against F. oxysporum, with the goal of identifying specific bioactive compounds responsible for this activity and evaluating their effectiveness quantitatively. We prepared acetone extracts from both seaweed species and assessed their antifungal activity using a series of in vitro assays. The total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity were determined for each extract. LC-qTOF-MS/MS was employed for phytochemical profiling, while molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were used to predict interactions between identified compounds and the 14-alpha-demethylase enzyme of F. oxysporum. The TPC was 2.72±0.009 and 2.23±0.009 GAE/mg dry weight for Ulva spp and S. incisifolium. Additionally, significant antioxidant activity was observed, with IC50 values of 8.38±0.06 µg/mL for Ulva spp and 8.01±0.07 µg/mL for S. incisifolium, which are comparable to ascorbic acid (5.23±0.04 µg/mL). Phytochemical analysis revealed high levels of terpenoids, phenolics, and fatty acids. In molecular docking, compounds such as medicocarpin, corynanthine, and merulinic acid demonstrated strong binding affinities (binding energies ≤ -7.5 kcal/mol). Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed stable interactions over 100 ns, with medicocarpin exhibiting the most stable binding profile. The study demonstrates that acetone extracts of Ulva spp. and S. incisifolium possess significant antifungal activity against F. oxysporum. Medicocarpin, in particular, emerged as a promising candidate for further development as an antifungal agent. These findings underscore the potential of seaweed-derived compounds as antifungal agents against fungal pathogens and highlight the need for further investigation into their practical applications in plant disease management. Specifically, Medicocarpin emerged as a promising in silico candidate, warranting further experimental validation.
Identification of salt-tolerant Tunisian Medicago ciliaris lines during germination and early seedling stages under NaCl stress
(Springer Nature, 2025) Aloui, Meriem; Ludidi, Ndiko; Hdira, Sabrine
Germination is a critical determinant of grain yield in Medicago ciliaris, and salinity poses a major stress factor in Tunisian soils. This study aims to evaluate the variability in salt tolerance among four Tunisian populations of M. ciliaris, Enfidha (TNC1), Soliman (TNC8), Rhayet (TNC10), and Mateur (TNC11) during germination under NaCl concentrations of 0, 125, and 175 mM. ANOVA revealed significant differences among populations, lines, treatments, and their interactions for all germination traits. Salt stress led to a marked reduction in germination parameters, with the highest tolerance observed in lines from the Soliman population. Broad-sense heritability (H2) was high, with values ranging from 0.66 to 0.94, reflecting substantial genetic stability across all germination traits under varying salinity levels. Hierarchical clustering categorized the 46 lines into three groups, highlighting the genetic diversity and phenotypic variability in response to salt stress. Four lines demonstrated notable salt tolerance at both 125 and 175 mM NaCl, particularly line TNC8.1, which showed consistent performance across germination and growth stages. These results underscore the potential of the Soliman population (TNC8) as a valuable genetic resource for breeding salt-tolerant M. ciliaris varieties, offering a promising pathway for enhancing crop performance under saline conditions in Tunisia
Optimizing plant resilience with growth-promoting Rhizobacteria under abiotic and biotic stress conditions
(Elsevier, 2025) Klein Ashwil; Khawula Sindiswa
Global crop production is increasingly threatened by abiotic and biotic stressors, with climate change expected to worsen challenges such as extreme weather events, drought, salinity, heavy metal toxicity, and pathogen attacks. To sustain agricultural productivity, there is a growing need for eco-friendly and sustainable solutions that help plants cope with these stresses. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) have emerged as valuable allies, enhancing plant resilience through various direct and indirect mechanisms. By improving nutrient uptake, producing stress-alleviating compounds, and stimulating plant defenses, PGPRs contributes to healthier crops and higher yields. Furthermore, they offer a promising alternative to chemical fertilizers and synthetic agrochemicals.This review explores the diverse roles of PGPRs in mitigating abiotic and biotic stress, shedding light on their mechanisms and potential applications in modern agriculture.
Investigating the potential of the Chinese herbal remedy SS-1 for the treatment of Sjögren's syndrome via the interleukin-17 signaling axis
(Elsevier, 2025) Dao, Tran Nhat Phong; Fadaka, Adewale Oluwaseun; Sibuyi, Nicole Remaliah Samantha
Background: Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a prevalent autoimmune disease characterized by dry mouth and dry eyes, which significantly impact patients' quality of life. Chinese medicine has been widely utilized to alleviate SS symptoms. SS-1 has shown efficacy in treating SS through evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials. Methods: The TCM remedy SS-1 was extracted into a powder. Phytochemicals in SS-1 were identified by using LC‒MS/MS. The Schrödinger platform was utilized as the primary computational tool to evaluate the potential therapeutic targets of IL-17 for SS. The bioactive components and reference compounds were subjected to ADMET prediction, docking analysis, and molecular dynamics simulation to assess the stability of the receptor‒ligand complex and analyze fluctuations and conformational changes during protein‒ligand interactions. Results: Ninety phytochemical compounds in SS-1 were identified by LC‒MS/MS. Molecular docking studies revealed that two selected compounds within the SS-1 powdered extract exhibited higher glide scores and MMGBSA values than reference ligands at specific residues. These compounds also showed a strong binding affinity to specific residues, displaying potential pharmacokinetic potency and appropriate drug-like properties. Furthermore, the results from the molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated the greater stability of the ligands and receptors than of the reference ligands. ADMET analysis indicated that the selected ligands exhibited drug-like suitability for further investigation in new drug development. Conclusion: The SS-1 remedy and its variety of phytoconstituents have the potential to be medicinally significant for the management of Sjögren's syndrome, which has prompted additional research into its possible therapeutic benefits.
Investigation of the coordination chemistry, biomolecular interactions, and cytotoxicity of heterocyclic carboxamide manganese(II) complexes
(Wiley-VCH GmbH, 2025) Moabelo Koena; Meyer Mervin; Tsaulwayo Nokwanda; Xulu Bheki
For the past few decades, platinum-based compounds notably cisplatin have been the most commonly used in metal-based anti-cancer treatment.[1,2] Despite the success of cisplatin, it has several drawbacks such as side effects, poor solubility, and acquired drug resistance, thus limiting its efficacy. [3,4] These negative attributes of cisplatin have germinated research interests in the design and development of alternative nonplatinum metallo-drugs such as ruthenium, iridium, osmium, palladium, and manganese. [5–7] Compared to the extensive reports on noble metals such as ruthenium and palladium, there are few reports on these of manganese compounds as anticancer agents. [8]
Investigating the synergistic effect of silver nanoparticles with third-generation cephalosporins against acinetobacter baumannii.
(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2025) Britz, Luzell Senobia; Elbagory, Abdulrahman M.
The antibacterial activity of nanoparticles has been explored to overcome the rising microbial resistance against antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to synthesize epigallocatechin-3-gallate silver nanoparticles (EGCG-AgNPs) and evaluate their antibacterial activity alone and in combination with third-generation cephalosporins on a multi–drug-resistant strain of Acinetobacter baumannii. EGCG-AgNPs were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The combined activities of EGCG-AgNPs with ceftazidime (CAZ), cefotaxime (CTX) and ceftriaxone (CRO) were evaluated using the checkerboard method, and the results were interpreted as synergistic, antagonistic or indifferent. The findings showed that EGCG-AgNPs were successfully synthesized and showed an absorbance peak at 410 nm, hydrodynamic diameter of ±22.21 nm, PDI of 0.200 and zeta potential of −27.8 mV. HRTEM showed spherical AgNPs, XRD confirmed the crystalline structure, and FTIR analysis indicated the involvement of the hydroxyl, carboxyl and amine groups in the synthesis of the AgNPs. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the antibiotics alone was 125 μg/mL for all three antibiotics, while the MIC of the EGCG-AgNP was 250 μg/mL. Synergy with the AgNPs was observed for all three antibiotics, with a fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index of 0.0656, 0.064 and 0.06327 μg/mL, for CAZ, CTX and CRO, respectively. The results of the study showed the antibacterial potential of EGCG-AgNPs and their role in circumventing Acinetobacter baumannii resistance to third-generation cephalosporins. Copyright © 2025 Luzell Senobia Britz et al. Journal of Nanotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Intercropping the halophyte Tetragonia decumbens Mill. with salt-sensitive Spinacia oleracea L. mitigated salinity stress by enhancing the physiological, biochemical, and nutritional quality of the salt-sensitive species under saline cultivation
(Springer Nature, 2025) Keyster, Marshall; Sogoni, Avela; Jimoh, Muhali Olaide
Increasing soil salinity is already having a significant effect on production losses of commercial vegetables around the globe. Thus, the implementation of innovative techniques is crucial to cultivate these vegetables amidst these unfavourable conditions. Halophytes are potential plants for resilient agricultural systems, such as intercropping with glycophytes, to enhance their productivity in saline soils. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the intercropping potential of the halophyte Tetragonia decumbens in alleviating the damaging effects of salinity stress on spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Spinach seedlings were grown alone and in consociation with the halophyte under various salt stresses (50, 100, 150 and 200 mM NaCl). Results showed that increasing salinity reduced crop growth, relative water content, chlorophyll, and nutritional quality of spinach in monocultured system. Similarly, high salinity treatment induced severe oxidative stress depicted by high amounts of superoxide, malondialdehyde and the upregulation of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, polyphenols, and flavonoids. Interestingly, intercropped spinach irrigated with 50 and 100 mM revealed a substantial enhancement in crop performance, reduction in oxidative stress and had improved nutritional quality depicted by high amounts of minerals, proximate constituents, and vitamins. These results support the introduction of T. decumbens in vegetable farming systems and highlights its positive impact on improving the overall crop performance of salt sensitive vegetables under saline condition.
Green-synthesis of MgO and ZrO2 nanocomposites: physicochemical properties and antiplasmodial activity in a mouse model
(Elsevier, 2025) Oselusi, Samson Olaitan; Ameh, Alechine Emmanuel; Daniel, Augustine Innalegwu
Malaria remains a significant global health burden, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, where drug resistance necessitates novel therapeutic strategies. This study evaluates the antiplasmodial potential of green-synthesized magnesium oxide (MgO) and zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles and their composite (Mg/ZrO2) using Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf extract. MgO, ZrO2, and MgO/ZrO2 nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), revealing crystalline structures with particle sizes ranging from 39 to 60 nm. Acute toxicity assessment in mice indicated an LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bodyweight, confirming their safety. In vivo antiplasmodial activity was assessed using Plasmodium berghei-infected mice, with treatment groups receiving 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg bodyweight each of the nanoparticles. In the suppressive test, MgO-NPs, ZrO2-NPs, and MgO/ZrO2-NPs exhibited dose-dependent parasite inhibition of 66.79%, 34.72%, and 41.02% respectively at 200 mg/kg bodyweight. The curative test further confirmed parasite clearance, with MgO-NPs demonstrating the highest efficacy. Nanoparticle treatment also improved survival time and maintained body weight compared to untreated controls. The observed antiplasmodial effects is attributed to enhanced cellular uptake, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and disruption of parasite metabolic pathways. These findings highlight the potential of MgO, ZrO₂ and MgO/ZrO2 nanocomposites as promising candidates for antimalarial drug development, warranting further mechanistic studies and preclinical validation.
Exploring Paenibacillus terrae B6a as a sustainable biocontrol agent for Fusarium proliferatum
(Elsevier B.V., 2025) Smith Enriquay; Daniel Augustine Innalegwu; Smith Chelsey; Nkomo Mbukeni
The reliance on chemical fungicides for crop protection has raised environmental and health concerns, prompting the need for sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Biological control, using antagonistic microorganisms like Paenibacillus terrae B6a, offers an eco-friendly approach to managing disease causing phytopathogens. The objective of the study was to assess the efficacy of P. terrae B6a as a biocontrol agent against Fusarium proliferatum PPRI 31301, focusing on its in vitro antagonistic activity, its impact on fungal morphology and enzymatic content, and its ability to mitigate pathogen-induced stress in maize plants. In vitro antagonistic activity of B6a against F. proliferatum was carried out using standard protocol. In planta assay was carried out by bio-priming of maize seeds with 1 × 106 CFU/mL of B6a and infected with F. proliferatum for 7 days. Biochemical, enzymatic and antioxidants activities of bio-primed maize roots under F. proliferatum infection was carried out using spectrophotometric methods. In vitro antagonistic assays using dual culture and intracellular crude metabolites inhibited 70.15 and 71.64%, respectively, of F. proliferatum. Furthermore, B6a altered the morphology and mycelia structure of F. proliferatum under High resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM). This was supported by an increase (p < 0.05) in the chitin contents (48.03%) and a decrease (p < 0.05) in the extracellular polysaccharide content (48.99%) and endo-β-1,4-glucanase activity (42.32%). The infection of maize seeds with F. proliferatum resulted in a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in root lengths (37%). Relative to the control and the infected seeds, bio-priming with B6a shows a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the root lengths (44.99%), with a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative damage. In conclusion, P. terrae B6a may be a good biocontrol candidate and may be formulated into a bio-fungicide to control F. proliferatum and other related phytopathogens in economically important crops.
Gendered impacts of climate change on integrated crop-dairy goat farming in Kenya
(frontiersin.org, 2025) Keyster, Marshall; Cheboi, Juliana Jepkemoi; Nkukwana, Thobela
Agriculture is the economic engine of Kenyan economy since it contributes to about 24% of the real GDP. However, its contribution has significantly reduced due to climate change that has impacted negatively crop production, pasture, and animals. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken among 201 households in Endo ward, Elgeyo Marakwet County to understand the effects of climate change and feed diversity. Climate change has profoundly affected individuals along the integrated value chain, with unreliable rainfall being the most significant issue, reported by 99.5% of respondents. Contrastingly, floods during the rainy season were experienced by 15.9%, while pests and diseases were reported by only 1.5% of respondents. The findings highlight a significant gender disparity in the impact of climate change along the integrated value chain resulting in shifts and challenges that impact women, men, and youth in distinct ways. Women, particularly those over 35 years, face severe consequences such as food shortages and malnutrition (56.2%), and loss of lives due to environmental disasters (39.8%). Young females bear increased domestic responsibilities, including fetching water (86.6%), which intensifies during periods of climate stress. Men over 35 years reported substantial economic losses and the impact on agricultural productivity due to pests and diseases. Although younger males are affected, their experiences are less severe compared to older males and females. In the context of dairy goat farming, there is a gender-based specialization of tasks. Men over 35 years predominantly handle activities such as shed construction (60%), marketing (54.2%), pest and disease control (57.2%), enterprise decision-making (58.7%), breeding (58.7%), and slaughtering (64.7%). Younger males, those under 35 years, are primarily responsible for transportation (62.2%). On the other hand, women under 35 are actively involved in feeding the goats (62.7%), cleaning the sheds (57.7%), and providing water (56.7%), with a notable focus on this younger age group of women. The study underscores the need for gender-sensitive adaptation strategies to address the differentiated impacts of climate change. By understanding the specific challenges faced by various demographic groups, policymakers and development practitioners can design more effective interventions to build resilience, and ensure equitable outcomes along the integrated farming system

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