Magister Chirurgiae Dentium - MChD (Orthodontics)

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The accuracy of visualized treatment objectives in bimaxillary protrusion patients
(University of the Western Cape, 2008) Murphy, Desmond.; Murphy, Desmond; Harris, A.M.P.; Dept. of Orthodontics; Faculty of Dentistry
The aim of this research project was to assess the accuracy of four different types of VTO [Steyn (1979), Jacobson and Sadowsky (1980), Ricketts (1982) and Holdaway (1984)], in predicting the final result of the incisor and soft tissue response to orthodontic treatment in bimaxillary protrusive patients.
Analysis of dental anomalies in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate at academic hospitals in the western cape, South Africa
(University of the Western Cape, 2023) Gomba, Vuyisile Solomon; Bellardie, H
The aim of this study is to determine the type and frequency of dental anomalies associated with patients with non-syndromic complete unilateral cleft lip and palate receiving treatment at Academic hospitals (UWC Oral Health Centre and Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital) in the Western Cape. To determine whether there is a relationship between gender and dental anomalies associated with unilateral cleft lip and palate. A retrospective cross-sectional study assessing the hospital records of patients diagnosed with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Panoramic radiographs of 93 patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) aged 8 to 14 years were evaluated. Missing and supernumerary teeth were also quantified on the cleft and noncleft side and in the maxilla and mandible. Ectopic teeth, peg shaped laterals, and Crown and root malformations were quantified. Statistical analysis first comprised description of the frequency and types of dental anomalies. Chi-square analysis was used for comparisons of dental anomalies, in addition to specific dental anomalies in relation to gender. There were no substantial differences in distribution by gender, of the 93 patients with UCLP, 47 (50.54%) were males and 46 (49.46%) were females. Regarding distribution by cleft side, the left side was more frequently affected (69.9%) in both male and female patients, compared with 30.1% found on the right side. The most affected tooth was the cleft lateral, which was missing in 35.48% of the participants, while the non-cleft lateral was absent in only 3.23% and bilateral laterals were missing in 10.75%. Supernumerary teeth were found in 7.53% of the participating individuals and the most affected tooth was the cleft lateral.
Assessment of Dental Arch Relationships in a sample of patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate in the Western Cape, South Africa
(University of the Western Cape, 2024) Galane, Mpatikana Leslie; Bellardie, Haydn
Unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) is a specific form of orofacial cleft (OFC) that accounts for 23% of those born with clefts. In the Eastern Cape, Free State and Northern Cape provinces of South Africa (SA), the prevalence of OFCs is 0.1, 0.1, and 1.2 per 1000, respectively. UCLP is more common in males compared to females, with 2:1 gender distribution. In addition, UCLP has a strong predilection for the left side of the maxilla as compared to the right side. Individuals born with UCLP typically require several surgeries and/or other intricate procedures to rectify this anomaly. Individuals diagnosed with UCLP frequently exhibit a range of functional and aesthetic defects, in addition to the particular deformities associated with the condition. Complications related to UCLP include hypoplastic maxilla and a high incidence of Class III malocclusion. Children who are born with UCLP requires a complex management that starts with specialist nursing care, surgical repair on both the lip (which is generally done at three months of age) and the palate (at any time between six to 14 months of age). Several studies have verified that if the initial surgery is performed unskillfully, it can have a detrimental impact on the growth of the face, development of the dentition, and speech. Establishing a dependable approach for evaluating dental arch relationships is crucial in order to evaluate and contrast the outcomes of early management of UCLP in children.
Assessment of tooth movement in the maxilla during orthodontic treatment using digital recording of orthodontic study model surface contours
(University of the Western Cape, 2006) Harris, Angela Manbre Poulter; Nortje, C.J.; Wood, R.E.; Dept. of Orthodontics; Faculty of Dentistry
The aim of this project was to measure changes in dimension of the first three primary rugae and to evaluate tooth movement in the maxilla during orthodontic treatment in patients treated with and without premolar extractions.
A cephalometric and dental analysis of treatment outcomes of unilateral cleft lip and palate children treated at the Red Cross children's hospital
(University of the Western Cape, 2000) Kaskar, Salim; Bellardie, Haydn
This study was a cephalometric and dental investigation of the treatment outcomes of UCLP children treated at the Red Cross Children's Hospital (RCCH) with respect to craniofacial morphology and dental arch relationship. The quality of the outcome for the RCCH group was compared with the outcomes reported for the Six-Centre International Study (Melsted et al., 1992; Mars et al., 1992). The sample consisted of 20 (11 females, 9 males) consecutively treated UCLP children who had cephalometric and dental records taken between the ages of8 to 11years (mean 10.13 ± 1.2 years). The cephalometric analysis described by Melsted et al. (1992) was used to evaluate the skeletal and soft tissue morphology. The quality of the dental arch relationship was measured according to the Gosion Yardstick (Mars et al., 1987). The treatment outcome of children treated at the RCCH was evaluated with respect to craniofacial form and dental arch relationship. When comparing the mean cephalometric skeletal parameters of the RCCH to the six centres in the Eurocleft study, a significant difference was found between the RCCH group and centre D for most of the variables. A significant increase in the upper incisor inclination and maxillary inclination was found in the RCCH patients compared to the European centres. The difference in the soft tissue parameters was limited to the relative protrusion of the nose and the sagittal soft tissue variable sss-ns-pgs. The analysis of the Goslon scores showed a significant difference between the RCCH group and centres C, D, and F. According to the Goslon score, 85% of the RCCH patients had good to satisfactory dental arch relationship, which was comparable to that recorded for centres A(92%), B(89%) and C(94). In conclusion, the results of the cephalometric analysis and the Goslon Yardstick showed a significant difference between the RCCH group and centre D. The GosIon score indicated good quality of the dental arch relationship, which faired favourably with the better centres in the Six Centre Study.
A Cephalometric Comparison of Class II Extraction Cases Treated with Tip-Edge and Edgewise Techniques
(University of the Western Cape, 2012) Ngema, Maureen Nkosazana; Harris, A. M. P.
The Tip-Edge and edgewise techniques are the main techniques that are mostly used in orthodontics, and are applicable to the treatment of any type of malocclusion from the most simple to the most complex. The edgewise bracket wire combination produces bodily tooth movement simultaneously or separately in all three planes of space and hence permits correction of the most extreme tooth malpositions. On the other hand Tip-Edge offers a differential tooth movement (just like the previously used Begg technique) within an edgewise based bracket system (Parkhouse 2003). When treating patients using the Tip-Edge technique, it is recommended that a specialized archwire i.e. Australian stainless steel wire be used. This wire can be described as a round austenitic stainless steel wire that is heat-treated and cold-drawn to its proper diameter. This was done in order to produce its special and needed properties such as toughness, resiliency and tensile strength (Kesling, 1985). It is used in conjunction with light (2oz) class II elastics. The aim of this study was to compare cephalometric changes in skeletal and dento-alveolar parameters in cases treated by these two different orthodontic techniques. This was to be established by calculating and comparing the pre- and post-treatment cephalometric variables of cases treated with these techniques by looking at the skeletal and dento-alveolar measurements. Thirty Tip-Edge and thirty edgewise treated cases that had class II malocclusion, had extraction of four premolars and were treated with Class II elastics were selected. The gender distribution between the Tip-Edge and the edgewise techniques were 47% and 60% respectively for females. For males it was 53% in Tip-Edge and 40% in the edgewise techniques.
Changes in arch dimensions after extraction and non-extraction orthodontic treatment
(University of the Western Cape, 2008) MacKriel, Earl Ari.; Harris, A.M.P.; Dept. of Orthodontics; Faculty of Dentistry
The aim of this study was to determine whether there are changes in the interdental arch widths and arch lengths of the mandibular and maxillary arches during nonextraction and extraction orthodontic treatment. The records of 78 patients treated by one orthodontist were used for this study. Three treatment groups were selected: a nonextraction group (Group NE), a group treated with extraction of maxillary and mandibular first premolars (Group 44), and a group treated with extraction of maxillary first premolars and mandibular second premolars (Group 45). The arch width measurements were measured in the inter-canine, inter-premolar and inter-molar areas. The arch length was measured as the sum of the left and right distances from mesial anatomic contact points of the first permanent molars to the contact point of the central incisors or to the midpoint between the central incisor contacts, if spaced.Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics of the data, analysis of the correlation matrices, Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests and Kruskal-Wallis tests of the changes which occurred during treatment. The intercanine widths in the mandible and maxilla increased during treatment in all three groups, with the extraction groups showing a greater increase than Group NE (p<0.05). In Group NE the mandibular arch length increased (p>0.05), while the maxillary arch length remained essentially unchanged. Both extraction groups showed decreases in arch length in the dentitions (p<0.05), with greater decreases occurring in the maxilla. The difference in arch length change between the two extraction groups was not significant (p<0.05). The inter-canine arch width increased in all three treatment groups, more so in the two extraction groups. From this it is evident that extraction treatment does not necessarily lead to narrowing of the dental arches in the canine region. The inter-second premolar arch width decreased in both extraction groups. Non-extraction treatment resulted in an increase in the inter-premolar and inter-molar arch widths.
A clinical, study of the protective effects of the application of fissure sealant prior to the direct bonding of orthodontic brackets
(University of the Western Cape, 1990) Sundrum, Dayalan; Samsodien, M G
Orthodontic treatment sometimes has the unfortunate sequela of white spots forming around the margins of the brackets. These white spots or demineralized areas are of concern to the orthodontist ds they may present an aesthetic problem which might require costly restorative work later. AIso at debonding the orthodontist is often faced with the time consuming and arduous task of removing residual composite from the tooth surface. The purpose of this study was to establish whether a fissure sealant used with or without a fluoride containing mouth rinse would prevent white spot formation around orthodontic brackets and whether, coincidently, the use of the fissure sealant moved the fracture site closer to the enamel/resin interface, thereby leaving a clean enamel surface at debonding, saving the orthodontist chairside time. One hundred patients undergoing orthodontic treatment at the Dental Faculty of University of the Western Cape were chosen for this study. The patients were given basic oral hygiene instruction, scaling and polishing and instructed to brush with a fluoride containing dentifrice. The mouth of each patient was divided into four quadrants, with fissure sealant (pelton clear unfilled resin) being applied to two alternate quadrants. The sample was divided into two groups, one of which rinsed with a fluoride containing mouthrinse. There was a significant difference in white spot formation when comparing fissure sealed and non-fissure sealed surfaces. Of the group which rinsed with fluoride mouthrinse, 86t had no white spots or demineralization. Also, the results of this study have shown unequivocally that the prior use of fissure sealant moved the fracture site closer to the enamel/resin interface, thereby leaving Iittle or no residual composite on the enamel surface at debanding.
Comparison between the alpha angle of the maxillary impacted canines on panoramic radiographs and cone beam computed tomography
(University of the Western Cape, 2019) Alenazi, Khaled; Harris, Angela
There is a paucity of studies that make use of the alpha angle as a diagnostic tool to assist with the interceptive treatment, prognosis, treatment duration and surgical outcome of possible maxillary canine impaction in orthodontics. While the literature is replete with studies that utilise the sector method, the alpha angle is an alternative approach to assess the possible eruptive outcome of the unerupted canine. It has been reported that if the alpha angle is greater than 25°, there is the possibility of external root resorption. However, if the alpha angle is more than 31°, the prospect of canine eruption decreases even if the deciduous canine is extracted as an interceptive measure. The dental pantomograph has historically been used to predict canine eruption or possible impaction. The use of this method, however, is wrought with limitations. These limitations include magnification, distortion and blurred images. The use of cone-beam computed tomography has been advocated as a means to overcome these limitations.
Comparison of the accuracy of digital models obtained from scans of impressions versus direct intra-oral scans
(University of the Western Cape, 2016) Dubula, Vuyani Goodman; Harris, AMP; Johannes, K
Measurements and a variety of analyses of dental casts are essential for precise diagnosis of an orthodontic case. Study models have long been an essential part of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Currently virtual computerized models are available to clinicians, supplemented by dedicated software for performing needed measurements (Zilberman et al, 2003). Digital impression methods are now available and intraoral digital scanning techniques make it possible to generate study models directly from the scanning of the dentition. The aim of this study was to compare measurements taken after scanning the dental impressions to the measurements obtained from using direct intraoral scanning of the dentition. Alginate impressions of the maxillary and mandibular dentitions were taken on 20 patients and these impressions were scanned using a 3 Shape R 700 TM scanner. Direct intraoral scans of both dentitions were then performed for the same patient. Ortho analyzer TM software was used to measure the mesiodistal widths of individual teeth, and the intercanine and intermolar on digital models of the scanned impressions and digital models obtained from direct intraoral scans of the maxillary and the mandibular dentitions. The results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between mesiodistal widths, and intercanine and intermolar distances between the two techniques (p > 0.05). Because of the high level of accuracy of the virtual measurements compared to those of the scanned impressions, it can be concluded that direct intraoral scanning of the dentition can be used with confidence in the clinical situation to measure tooth sizes and inter-arch distances for orthodontic purposes. Orthodontists commonly use models for various areas in the practice, clinical research and medico-legal documentation (Marcel, 2001)
Cone beam computed tomography evaluation of midpalatal suture maturation in a select Western Cape sample
(University of the Western Cape, 2019) Carim, Ridwaana; Shaikh, Amenah
There is controversy in the literature regarding the ideal treatment timing for rapid maxillary expansion. The successful use of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) has largely been limited to young patients with chronological age being a determinant of the patency of the midpalatal suture. However, there is consensus in the literature that chronological age is not a valid indicator of skeletal age. Additionally, conventional radiology and histology has revealed that the midpalatal suture may be patent in young adults (<25 years of age), with successful RME shown in these patients.
A critical investigation of paedodontic education with special reference to graduates of the University of Stellenbosch
(University of Stellenbosch, 1983) Peters, R; Prins, F.X
In South Africa the general dental practitioner has sole re$ponsibility for the provision of child dental care. Accordingly, at Stellenbosch University the objective of the undergraduate paedodontic curriculum is to train a general dental practitioner who is able to provide comprehensive dental care for all categories of children.As this approach is not in accordance with that prevailing in most countries, particularly countries acknowledged to be leaders in the field of 'paedodontics, the objective of this investigation is to examine and test the validity of the philosophy of paedodontic education as it exists in South Africa in general and at the University of Stellenbosch in particular.
Digitized and computerized recordkeeping in dentistry (Orthodontics) : A Technologically Advanced Alternative to the Analysis and Storage of Study Models
(University of the Western Cape, 2002) Kleinloog, A.D.; Joseph, VP
The research is aimed at investigating and finding alternatives to the physical necessity of producing and storing plaster casts or stone models of the tissues of the mouth. The quest for time and space is universal and the successful management of both results in stress free, financially stable and uncluttered work circumstances. Study models do playa very important role in diagnostics and treatment planning as well as communicating final results in Dentistry, especially in Orthodontic practice. Conventional study models are bulky, fragile, and expensive diagnostic tools produced from impressions taken of the patient's mouth and cast in plaster or stone. The storage of these records creates major space problems, and recalling or retrieving models at some later stage also causes logistical problems. Ideally, the tissues of the mouth could be scanned and from this a 3-D image produced on screen, which could later be milled (machining process of reproducing, explained in Appendix B) if necessary. Three dimensionally accurate, visually pleasing, reproducible, measurable and retrievable records, would be the solution. Computerizing dental records has already revolutionized the industry in the fields of Radiology and written patient data. This information is available at the click of a mouse, and integrated diagnostic tools can be displayed on screen. A thorough investigation of all methods of capturing dental data and 3D images from previously researched and publicized studies was conducted before attempting the latest technology. The final project involved: 1. requesting an introductory and explanatory demonstration on the scanning possibilities in South Africa 2. organizing and attending a demonstration of the laser and contact scanner on study models and impressions. 3. undergoing training in the use of a contact scanner. Computerizing of these results and comparing data derived from analyzing both study models and impressions, manually and digitally. 4. researching and collecting of data with engineering professionals, to establish the validity and viability of this method ( aiming to use uncomplicated, widely accepted and thoroughly applicable basic criteria in all experiments.) 5. evaluation of data statistically by a statistician. Discussion: Digitizing and computerizing of images derived from scanning the models or impressions offers the most attractive alternative for record keeping. Laser scanning disappointed in general due to the relative unavailability in South Africa, the expensive nature of the service elsewhere and limiting factors due to the sensitivity of the laser beam. It is the most promising alternative in future research, because of improved accuracy, higher speed of scanning, uniformity and reproducibility. Contact scanning proved to be available, reliable and adjustable. In most applications, the best results in terms of accuracy and quality of surface finish are obtained using contact scanning. The disadvantage of this method is the time factor and therefore it becomes expensive and economically not viable. The direct scanning of impressions, albeit with laser or contact scanning, remains a scientific and clinical viable option. Conclusion: Digital imaging is still a young technology and many aspects are not yet completely explored. It is a promising technology and its significance is increasing because it opens the door to diagnostic information. Another important development is that the software for digital imaging will become more integrated with other computerized dental applications in the dental office, enabling patient data between different and remote practices to be exchanged more easily. Further progress is not limited by a lack of available image processing tools but rather by our restricted understanding of the various components of diagnostic imaging in dentistry. A Bioengineering exhibition mounted by the University of Munich during a December 2000 conference, displayed a specially adapted CT Scanner that could scan information directly from the mouth. This leads to more possibilities of deriving images without impressions or study casts.
Efficacy of enamel sealants in preventing demineralisation
(University of the Western Cape, 2008) Nkosi, P.M.; Shaikh, A.B.; Amra, I.; Dept. of Orthodontics; Faculty of Dentistry
To compare the efficacy of two fluoride containing materials, namely, FluorSure and Duraphat, in protecting the enamel around and underneath the orthodontic brackets against decalcification.
Evaluation of sterilising methods for re-implantation of orthodontic mini-implants
(The University of the Western Cape, 2017) di Pasquale, Taryn; Harris, Angela; Basson, Nicolaas
Re-implantation of mini-implants would be financially advantageous in orthodontics and could encourage an increase in use of these devices. An analysis of the bacterial contamination after different sterilising methods has currently not been performed. The aim of this study was to determine the most effective method in sterilising of orthodontic mini-implants for re-implantation in the same patient. The sample included 40 retrieved mini-implants which were collected from private orthodontists, orthodontic registrars, and a maxillo-facial and oral surgeon in South Africa after completed use in patients. They were allocated into groups that underwent different sterilising processes. Gr1 was autoclaved; Gr2 was immersed in 37% phosphoric acid for 10 minutes, followed by being soaked in Milton for 30 minutes; Gr3 was dipped in 70% ethanol and then flamed in a butane gas burner; and GrC did not undergo any processing and served as the control. Bacteria remaining after processing were cultured in Brain Heart Infusion Medium and incubated at 37 degrees Celsius to determine whether any bacterial contamination remained on the mini-implant. To investigate the effects of the sterilising methods on the surface of the mini-implants, they then underwent scanning electron microscopy analysis to assess amount of visible tissue remnants which remained on the surface. These miniimplants were further subjected to energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to investigate their elemental composition. All processing methods were able to sterilise the mini-implants tested and no bacterial growth was present after culturing in Brain Heart Infusion Medium. There were, however, differences in their surface appearances. Gr2 displayed the least amount remaining surface remnants (mean 5.21%), whereas Gr1 (autoclave) and Gr3 (burnt) showed mean of 30.08 and 47.04% tissue remnants on their surfaces respectively. Titanium, aluminium, vanadium, carbon and oxygen were found on all surfaces of the groups. Additional elements, namely, calcium, potassium, sodium, phosphorous, sulphur, silicon, bromine, chlorine, nitrogen, and magnesium were found in the tissue remnants of all the processing groups. Sterilising methods autoclave and burning (Gr1 and Gr3), which made use of heat, had almost double the atomic percentage of carbon. Gr2, etch and Milton, had the lowest atomic percentage of calcium and none of the mini-implants in this group showed traces of iron, which was present in the other groups. Based on the methods tested in this study, Gr2 which involves immersing the mini-implant in 37% phosphoric acid for 10 minutes, followed by soaking mini-implant in Milton for 30 minutes is the suggested method of sterilising mini-implants before re-implantation. Further studies looking into additional sterilisation methods, possibly with the use of sonication or scrubbing, are required to draw up protocols on reimplantation of mini-implants. Additional histological and ion release tests will also be required to confirm which method of sterilisation will result in no additional complications in the patient to that of insertion of a new, unused mini-implant.
Evaluation of the friction generated by self-ligating and conventional bracket-systems in various bracket-archwire combinations: An in vitro study
(University of the Western Cape, 2017) Cupido, Jacqueline Renee; Harris, Angela
The aim of the study is to compare the frictional resistance generated between two types of self-ligating brackets; Smart-Clip Metal SL (3M Unitek) and Damon Clear SL (Ormco), with conventional stainless steel brackets, Victory Series (3M Unitek) when coupled with various stainless steel and nickel-titanium archwires. Materials and Methods: All brackets had a 0.022" slot and tested using three archwires: 0.016" nickel-titanium, 0.019 x 0.025" nickel-titanium and 0.019 x 0.025" stainless steel archwires. Friction was evaluated for the upper right quadrant of the typodont. For each testing procedure, new brackets and archwire was employed to eliminate the influence of wear. Results: The mean results showed that the Smart-Clip self-ligating brackets generated significantly lower friction than both the Damon Clear self-ligating brackets and Victory Series brackets. However, the analysis of the various bracket-archwire combinations displayed that Damon Clear SL brackets generated the lowest friction when tested with 0.016" round nickeltitanium archwire and significantly higher friction than Smart-Clip and Victory Series brackets when tested with 0.019 x 0.025" stainless steel rectangular archwires. All brackets showed higher frictional forces as the wire size increased. Clinical relevance: The production of high levels of friction during orthodontic sliding mechanics presents a clinical challenge to the orthodontists. The generation of high levels of friction may reduce the effectiveness of the mechanics, decrease tooth movement efficiency and further complicate anchorage control. The amount of friction is variable in the orthodontic system and can be altered somewhat by the orthodontist's choices.
Incidence, trends of prevalence and pathological spectrum of head and neck lymphomas at national health laboratory services- Tygerberg
(University of the Western Cape, 2007) Chetty, Manogari; Hille, JJ; Bezuidenhout, J
MChD (Oral Pathology) minithesis, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Western Cape Among malignant lesions, lymphoma ranks second only to squamous cell carcinoma in frequency of occurrence in the head and neck. Lymphomas in HIV patients' are second in frequency to Kaposi's sarcoma as AIDS-defining tumours. About 50% of lymphomas in HIV patients are extranodal and more than half of these occur in the head and neck area. The number, variety and diagnostic complexity of lymphoma cases that have primarily arisen in the head and neck region has steadily increased in the surgical pathology service of the National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS) - Tygerberg. This observation is particularly relevant in the context of increasing HIV infection rates in the population of South Africa as demonstrated by a study in 2006 conducted by the Medical Research Council of South Africa. This is a retrospective study using the records of cases of head and neck lymphomas diagnosed at NHLS-Tygerberg over the last five years. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of head and neck lymphomas (HNL) at NHLS-Tygerberg from January 2002 to December 2006. The objective of this study is to determine the frequency and types of HNL and to determine, if possible, an association between the incidence of HNL and the HIV status of the patients. Trends of prevalence in terms of gender, referral centres, HIV status, age of patients and site of presentation are also examined. The results of this study show an increase in the number of patients with HNL from January 2002 to December 2006. A significant increase is noted in the number of HIV positive patients documented each year, from 17% in 2002 to 33% in 2006. Western Cape- urban (WC-U) remains the largest referral center. A notable increase is seen, each year, in the number of patients referred to Tygerberg-NHLS from the Eastern Cape (EC) and Western Cape- rural (WC-R) areas. A significant number of HIV positive patients are referred from the Eastern Cape and Western Cape rural areas. The average age of disease presentation in the HIV positive group of patients is 35 years with the unknown group being 46 years and the HIV negative group being 54 years. The main categories of lymphoma that presented in HIV positive patients are plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) and diffuse large B-celllymphoma (DLBCL), which together form 56% of cases. 26% of cases are Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL); the second largest group of HNL cases. Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) consists of 8% of cases. 7% of cases are T-cell lymphomas. 3% of cases are Mantle zone lymphomas. No cases of SLL and Follicular lymphomas (FL) are described in this group of patients. DLBCL and HL form 27% each of the cases in patients with a negative HIV status. A significant number of Follicular lymphomas (15%), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) (9%), MALT (7%), and T-cell lymphomas (8%) are identified. No PBL are seen in this group of patients. The incidence of HNL at NHLS-Tygerberg has increased over the last five years. This trend parallels that seen in other developing countries such as Tanzania, Nigeria, Thailand and India. This increase is possibly due to an increase in the number of referrals to our center, an increase in the overall population of the Western Cape, an increase in the number of HIV positive patients and the high incidence of EBV infection in the general population of the Western Cape. Social issues, such as poverty, lack of adequate education, female dependence on partners, rural communities and the non-availability of anti-retroviral drugs (ARV) and highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) to most of the population that require these drugs, are considered major contributing factors. A trend is noted in the increased number of female patients diagnosed each year with HNL. A predominance of DLBCL was identified in our series. This is consistent with previous reports and studies on HNL. The number of biologically aggressive lymphomas, such as DLBCL, Plasmablastic and Burkitt's lymphomas diagnosed each year, has also significantly increased. These were prevalent mainly in the HIV positive group of patients who were also younger compared to the HIV negative patients. The documented findings of this study will serve as a guideline for the estimation of head & neck lymphoma burden and risk assessment at NHLS- Tygerberg.
An oral health-related quality of life assessment of cleft patients at the Wentworth Foundation Clinic (Kwazulu-Natal)
(University of the Western Cape, 2020) Singh, Leticia; Shaikh, Amenah
An analysis of the oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) of patients with orofacial clefts at the Wentworth Foundation in Durban, KZN is presented. Objectives: To assess whether the OHRQoL of orofacial cleft patients varies amongst different age groups, genders or cleft types as well as demographic factors. Method: 46 participants, aged 8- 18, completed a self-administered Child Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP) questionnaire. Results: The most prevalent cleft type was the Unilateral Cleft Left, 45.7%. The COHIP mean score was 84.195 (SD 18.244) ranging from 35 to 110. The age related subscales which were statistically significant included Functional well-being (p value: 0.0456), School Environment (p value: 0.0145) and Treatment Expectancy. The subscale School Environment was statistically significant for: Transport (p value: 0.0267) and Place of accommodation (p value 0.028). The Oral Health subscale and the Educational level were statistically significant (p value 0.043). Conclusion: Statistically significant age-related differences and demographic factors were noted. The OHRQoL of cleft patients was low largely due to socioeconomic factors and difficulty accessing multidisciplinary care. Therefore, our findings highlight the importance of establishing a Cleft lip and palate multidisciplinary facility for these patients in the Wentworth foundation and subsidised transport to the Wentworth Foundation is recommended.
Perception of occlusal appearance among schoolchildren in Limpopo Province
(University of Western Cape, 2011) Sehowa, Nelly Mokgadi; Myburgh, Neil
The aim of this study is to determine the perceptions of different occlusal appearance observed by schoolchildren aged 13 -16yrs in the Capricorn District of Limpopo Province in South Africa. The study determined schoolchildren’s perceptions of different occlusal appearances, by assessing the self-perception of schoolchildren toward their occlusal appearance using the Aesthetic Component (AC) of the Index of Orthodontic Need (IOTN). These were compared with the perceptions held by schoolchildren across age, gender and place of residence in Limpopo Province.
The prevalence of occlusal traits in a selected Western Cape population
(University of the Western Cape, 1993) Kaka, Joolam; Moola, M. H.
state funded programmes are essential to provide a treatment for the dentally handicapped. To address this need a study was undertaken under the auspices of the Orthodontic Department of the University of the Western Cape to assess the orthodontic needs of children in the Western Cape. The purpose of this study was to determine the occlusal traits of Indian children in the Western Cape and to compare them with samples internationally. The sample consisted of 355 children, 12-14 years old, from schools administered by the House of Delegates. They were examined and recorded according to the methods set out by Baume et al. (1973), and Angle's Classification (1899) with the Dewey- Anderson (1919 and 1960) and EI-Mangoury and Mustafa (1991) modifications The results of this study showed that bilateral molar relationships were: normal in 72.9%; mesial in 5.8% and distal in 15.5% of the children examined. The remaining had an asymmetrical molar relationship (5.8%). The upper incisal area was found to be the most crowded area in the mouth followed by the lower incisal area. Anterior crowding was present in 58.2% and spacing in 12.7% of the sample. The mean overjet was 2.7mm and the mean overbite 2 .1mm. In the posterior segments, open bites accounted for approximately 6.5% and crossbites for 8.3% On the basis of Angle's Classification it was found that 17.1% had a normal occlusion and 54.9% an Angles Class I malocclusion, 16.9% an Angle's Class II malocclusion and 5.5% an Angle's Class III malocclusion. 5.6% of the candidates had an asymmetrical molar relationship. In comparison to other population groups the results suggest that the incidence of some occlusal traits of this Western Cape sample was similar to that of other population groups while some traits were more prevalent. The pattern of the distribution of Angles Classification was also similar to that reported in studies done elsewhere.

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