Magister Artium - MA (CISCFS)

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Social workers in the transition of social welfare : A descriptive-dialogical enquiry
(University of the Western Cape, 1994) Ntebe, Ann Beatrice; Small, Adam
The time period of this study is the contemporary first half of the Nineties, a momentous time in the history of South Africa. The country is passing from apartheid (the "old" South Africa) to the hope of democracy (the "new" South Africa). Nelson Mandela was inaugurated as President of South Africa in May 1994. Social workers, too, find themselves in transition. What is the thinking of experienced progressive social workers at this historical moment, concerning themselves and their profession within its context of social welfare as societal institution? This is the question I explore, specifically with reference to senior social workers within the area of greater Cape Town It is important to note that in terms of the research philosophy underlying this enquiry, the methodological process of the thesis is integral to its substance. My approach, along "New Paradigm" lines, is descriptive dialogical. Implicit in it is a "confrontation of the positivistic epistemology of 'The Scientific Method' in the misguided sense of an 'absolute and only' method of science, which unfortunately is still prevalent in standard practices of enquiry inside and outside the university" (see Note [i] at the end of this Summary). My thesis therefore offers not only outcomes but, as much as possible, also the process of the enquiry. A descriptive-dialogical approach also takes the idea of narrative seriously, "narrative being a mode that makes room for in fact, that insists on more than merely written presentation" (see Note [ii] at the end of this Summary). My research philosophy and methodology accommodate as far as possible "the whole academic and professional potential of a student, rather than just the student's writing potential" (see Note [iii] at the end of this Summary). In line with this, I submit as an accompaniment to this writing -- and as holistically intrinsic to this thesis -- a relevant video-recording and audio recordings illustrating myself at work in the execution of this study. In conclusion of this Summary I must indicate my promoter's and my own serious commitment to the possibility of creative indigenousness of academic style and presentation. This must be viewed within African and South African context, and it explains much of the "humanistically holistic" tenor of this study. This, of course, is in no way intended to discount the worthwhileness and substantiality, in fact the necessity for us, of recourse to the best tenets of European and Euro-American university tradition.
A descriptive study of the teenagers against drug abuse programme as implemented at high schools in the Cape Metropolitan area
(University of the Western Cape, 2001) Banda, Errol; Kotze, Fourie
ln the Cape Metropolitan Area the drug industry has exploded, and the reality is that teenagers are the main target group of drug lords. TADA [eenagers Against Drug Abuse] is a prevention programme operating in high schools with the aim to prevent drug use amongst students.Since its implementation, the programme has not been evaluated to determine its effectiveness. Furthermore, the TADA programme is not widely known within the educational sector. Consequently, the TADA groups find it difficult to expand it.
Social workers experiences of the implementation of a developmental social welfare approach: An qualitative exploratory study
(University of the Western Cape, 2003) Forward, Denise Kathleen; Terblanche, S.
The White Paper for Social Welfare (1997) introduced a developmental social welfare approach. This document has been drawn up with the participation of key stakeholders in the welfare field. It was however social workers who were responsible for the implementation of the policy. It's important that, after five years, the experience of social workers in the implementation of the policy guidelines be explored. This was necessary in order to give feedback to policymakers. The goal of the research was to explore a selected group of social workers experiences about the implementation of the social developmental welfare approach. The study used the qualitative approach in order to explore what social workers experiences were regarding the implementation of the social developmental approach. The researcher made use of focus groups and interviews to collect data. This enabled the researcher to collect rich information about social work experiences and to stimulate new ideas. The data was analysed by clustering themes and topics as they emerged and coding them. The topics and themes were then reduced and arranged in categories. The data was verified by basing it on four aspects namely: truth value, applicability, consistency and neutrality. The outcome of the research indicated that social workers on all levels and at different organizations acknowledge the need for and potential value of the guidelines for a developmental social welfare approach. The dire need for professional and volunteer human resources and supportive structure for the implementation of the guidelines leaves both professional helpers and client systems frustrated.
Exploring the subjective experience and the psychosocial interventions mothers utilise in managing a child presenting with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)/Dyspraxia.
(University of the Western Cape, 2016) Ganci, Lorenza; Pedro, Athena
Developmental Coordination Disorder, often also referred to as Dyspraxia, can be described as a marked impairment in the development of motor coordination affecting daily activities, in the absence of neurological or intellectual dysfunction. Developmental Coordination Disorder is prevalent among 5 to 6% of the population of 5 to 11-year-old children. Primary studies report on psychosocial interventions for children presenting with DCD/Dyspraxia, however there is limited research available. The current study consisted of two phases: a systematic review (Phase 1) and a qualitative research study (Phase 2). The aim of the review was to systematically review previous research regarding psychosocial intervention strategies utilised with children presenting with Dyspraxia. This information was used to inform our understanding for the qualitative study (Phase 2) in terms of how parents manage this disorder in the home environment. The aim of this qualitative research study was to explore the subjective experience of mothers who have children presenting with Developmental Coordination Disorder/Dyspraxia and the psychosocial interventions they use to manage the disorder in their home.
Exploring the experiences of abused woman and their participation in entrepreneurial skills training programmes as a tool for empowerment of the self and their families in the Western Cape
(University of the Western Cape, 2017) Hlapa, Pamphilia Motopja; Soeker, Shaheed
South Africa as a country currently has the highest level of unemployment, as well as the utmost frequency of gender based violence perpetrated on women. This study explored how the use of an entrepreneurship development programme can be used to empower unemployed women with histories of abuse. While most women in South Africa have experienced some abuse in their lifetime, the burden of unemployment can render them helpless and disempowered. Most of them, raising their children alone while unemployed and living in poverty, experience life as a struggle with the inability to afford and provide life's basic necessities for themselves and their families. In an attempt to improve their quality of life, these women will look for help and assistance from any organisation that promises to offer them opportunities to remove themselves from poverty situations. With the existence of many NGOs that offer programmes geared towards empowering unemployed women, particularly those with vulnerability, there is always a need to ensure that such programmes deliver as promised. Therefore, it became necessary to explore whether women exhibit evidence of being empowered through skills after participating in a women empowerment programme.
Family connectedness and families dealing with adolescents in conflict with the law
(University of the Western Cape, 2017) Danhouse, Merle; Erasmus, C.J.
Every human being has the need to be connected to another to ensure optimal development and progress in life. Adolescents, therefore, are connected to their parents and siblings, and need consistent interaction in their quest to feel valued and accepted, and to have warm and supportive relationships. In South Africa, particularly the Drakenstein area, adolescents are constantly in conflict with the law, which influences family connectedness. Limited research has been done in the South African context on this phenomenon. For this reason, the researcher sought to address this gap in the literature by means of this study. The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the perceived link between family connectedness and families dealing with adolescents in conflict with the law.
Adjustment of first year university students and the effect of a psychosocial intervention on their mental health and adjustment over an interrupted time series
(University of the Western Cape, 2017) Stroud, Candice; Roman, Nicolette
First-year students face an array of challenges, ranging from financial, to academic and psychosocial problems. Research suggests that first-year students require student support structures to enable student retention. Higher education institutions have now focused on building towards student graduate attributes as well as developing well-balanced, well-rounded students. First-year experience studies have identified the growing interest in the potential impact of psycho-social interventions on the social adjustment and influence on students’ mental health. This study assess the effects of psychosocial interventions on the mental health and adjustment of first-year students by using an Interrupted Time Series (ITS) analysis.
Home and day care centre environments' role in influencing children's behaviour during early childhood development
(University of the Western Cape, 2017) Moleli, Mahlalele Sylvania; Erasmus, C.J.
Approximately 70% of children 0-6 years old worldwide are experiencing care between home and day care centre environments that is conceptualised as dual care. These two environments are entry points into early childhood development services, which further demonstrate the relationship of the two environments in child development. Both environments are therefore crucial in influencing children's development and their behaviour. Nonetheless, vast research shows that, without diminishing the influence of the day care environment, the home environment is the most influential on children's behaviour development. This study employed Bronfenbrenner's ecological system theory, which studies child development and behaviour within environments that a child interacts with, as the overarching theory of this study with the focus based on the microsystem and the mesosystems. The study has its aim to explore the influence the home and day care centre's environment have on the behaviour of children during early childhood development. The study adopted qualitative research methodology with an explorative and descriptive design during the execution of this study. In-depth semi-structured interviews, which were held with parents and practitioners were used as data collection.
A qualitative study exploring the experiences of Black South African vegetarians residing in the urban settings of Cape Town.
(University of the Western Cape, 2017) Sedupane, George; Waggie, Firdouza
Vegetarianism is a growing global trend. Movie stars and world class athletes proudly brand themselves vegetarian. Apart from its health implications vegetarianism has been extensively studied as a social and psychological phenomenon. However the understanding that has emerged from these studies has almost exclusively reflected Caucasian Western societies. Internationally there is a paucity of research regarding vegetarianism among people of African descent. The purpose of this study was to fill this knowledge gap by exploring the development of a vegetarian identity among Black urban South Africans living in Cape Town and the contextual factors involved in their adoption and practice of vegetarianism. Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological systems theory which emphasizes the bidirectional influence between human behaviour and broader contextual factors was used as a theoretical framework for understanding vegetarianism among Black South Africans. This study used a qualitative exploratory approach to describe the perceptions and experiences of Black vegetarians. Snowball sampling was used to locate eight Black South African adult vegetarians who were interviewed in depth. The audio recorded interviews were transcribed and analysed through thematic analysis yielding three main themes. The first and central theme is that “vegetarianism is life.” This theme encapsulates the fact participants view vegetarianism as an instrument through which the highest ideals of life are attained including physical vitality, spiritual vibrancy and intellectual superiority. In the second theme the process of developing a vegetarian identity was unfolded. Contextual religio-cultural influences of Rastafarianism and Seventh day Adventism were a major influence in the development of a vegetarian identity. The last theme unfolds the experience of Black vegetarians living in meat dominated society. The study reveals that becoming a vegetarian definitely affects one’s social relations. However the gender of the vegetarians modulated the reaction of family members. Vegetarians also employed several strategies to manoeuvre difficult social situations. This study is among the first to contribute an African perspective to the global vegetarian discourse. It has highlighted the way Black Africans develop a vegetarian identity and the contextual factors acting as barriers and facilitators to this development. It has highlighted how this identity is informed by their Africanness though at times it conflicts with certain African ideals. Finally it has identified the social, cultural and psychological variables involved in the vegetarian phenomenon on the African continent.
A comparison of the relationship between peer pressure and social acceptability among hookah-pipe users and non-users
(University of the Western Cape, 2018) Visman, Heidré; Roman, Nicolette V.; Rich, Edna
Hookah-pipe smoking escalated from being a cultural phenomenon to being a social phenomenon. Studies suggest that the hookah-pipe is a high-risk phenomenon which has become a highly acceptable social practice influenced by social factors such as smoking initiations among peers. What is unknown is whether peer pressure and social acceptance have an influence on the use of the hookah-pipe. The aim of this study is therefore to compare the relationship between peer pressure and social acceptance among adolescent hookah-pipe users and non-users. The objectives of the study are to determine the prevalence of peer pressure, social acceptability and smoking tobacco using the hookah-pipe among adolescents; establish the relationship between peer pressure and social acceptability of adolescent hookah-pipe users and non-users and to compare the relationship between peer pressure and social acceptability among adolescent hookah-pipe users and non-users. A cross-sectional comparative correlation study was conducted with a sample of Grade 9 adolescents attending secondary schools in the Metro East Education District in Cape Town. Structured questionnaires constructed from the NationalASH 10 Year Snapshot Survey, the 10-year in-depth survey, the health and lifestyle survey and peer pressure, as well as an NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development questionnaire were completed by the participants. The Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) software was used to analyse the data. The results show that no relationship was found between peer pressure and social acceptance, but a relationship was found between parental rules and monitoring around tobacco use for hookah-pipe users. A significant difference was also found in the attitudes towards hookah use between users and non-users. The ethics for this study included voluntary participation, informed consent and anonymity.
Management of children with sexual behaviour problems, between the ages of five to nine years old, by educators and social workers
(University of the Western Cape, 2018) Philander, Rochelle; Londt, Marcel
The Management of children, younger than twelve years of age, who pose a risk to other children, remains complex and confusing. When their behaviour includes sexual aggression towards other children, ignorance about how to manage them becomes even more challenging. Society has an expectation that any sexual aggressor should be punished, however, when the aggressor is younger than ten years old, different responses are necessary. The aim of this current study was to explore the management of learners with sexual behaviour problems, within the primary school setting. The main question underpinning this study was: How are children, aged five-to-nine-years, with sexual behaviour problems, managed by social workers and educators? A qualitative methodology, with focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews were used to conduct this study. Educators from primary schools, as well as social workers from the Western Cape Education Department, were purposively selected to form the sample for this study. Focus group discussions were conducted with the educators, while semi-structured interviews were conducted with the social workers.
An exploration of adolescent substance users and the parent-child relationship in Mitchell's Plain
(University of the Western Cape, 2018) Vuza, Nwabisa; Rich, Edna; Jacobs, Liezelle
Adolescence is a stage in a young person's life between childhood and adulthood and is characterized by rapid, intensive life changes and adaptations. During this stage, the parentchild interaction is vital, as it helps the adolescent to make informed decisions in life. The aim of this current study is to explore the parent-child relationship of adolescent substance users, aged between 14 and 17 years, and their parents, specifically mothers. The researcher chose to utilize a mixed methods approach, consisting of both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis, to gather comprehensive evidence. A sequential exploratory mixed methods design was selected for the study. Data was collected by means of self-administered questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Purposive sampling was used to select the 45 adolescent substance users and their 45 mothers, as parents, from the community of Mitchell's Plain. A further sample of 5 willing adolescents and their 5 mothers was selected randomly to participate in the semi-structured interviews, to further probe the nature of the parent-child relationship. The Attachment Theory was employed as a theoretical framework. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) programme, version 25, was used to analyse the quantitative data. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation and independent tests were applied to the data. The findings of this study revealed that the majority of the respondents had different perceptions of the parent-child relationship. The thematic analysis was used for qualitative data and the data was analysed by making use of the qualitative analysis stages as guidelines to identify the main themes that emerged from the data. Confidentiality and anonymity was maintained throughout the study. There were significant differences and similarities on the perceptions of both the parents and adolescent substance users. They agreed on what the parent-child relationship is, as well as how a parent should interact with the child; however, there were differences on how they perceived their relationship with each other, regarding the different components of the parentchild relationship. Recommendations are provided for parents and children on positive parent-child relationship, future research, intervention programmes and policy development.
An exploration of the role of families in providing primary healthcare for children
(University of the Western Cape, 2018) Bozad, Zadma; Erasmus, C.
Families remain a major social support system that plays a key role in the provision of primary healthcare (PHC) for children, and this role is especially important as PHC would normally take place before a child is taken to hospital for further treatment. The literature shows that although families have a direct influence on their children’s PHC, the former’s role is limited as a result of socio-economic factors such as poverty, unemployment and distance to healthcare centres. In South Africa, PHC is offered by the state but is of a lower standard than the more specialised, ‘hi-tech’ health services available in the private sector. Although the public health sector is over-stretched and under-resourced, the government has established PHC facilities in many locations throughout South Africa. This status quo requires families to play a role by knowing the locations of such facilities in order to maintain their children’s health. The provision of primary health in South Africa is a two-tiered system that requires the involvement of both families and healthcare providers. The results of the study indicated that there were various interpretations of PHC by both parents and health professionals, owing to different levels of knowledge about the concept. The lack of knowledge of the various forms of home remedies greatly affected the application of PHC in terms of a need to appreciate PHC practices in the family setting; and health professionals need to disseminate knowledge to parents on a routine basis as part of their work at hospitals. The findings furthermore suggested that parents and healthcare workers faced various challenges in the provision of PHC. The implications of the study pointed to the need for a more extensive study that engaged a high number of participants of both parents and healthcare professionals to place the results into perspective. Other implications required a concerted effort from government, parents, healthcare professionals and other stakeholders to arrive at a prudent and logical improvement of PHC in South Africa.
The effects of the LEQ’s life skills domains as it relates to the engagement in health risk behaviour among grade 8 learners in a selected high school in Paarl
(University of the Western Cape, 2018) Marais, Janene Elizabeth; Pharaoh, Hamilton
Adolescence can be understood as the transitional period between childhood and adulthood. During adolescence individuals tend to experiment and discover who they are in terms of their unique social identity and are more susceptible to health risk behaviour engagement. Health risk behaviour place individuals at risk for numerous health complications. The most common forms of health risk behaviours are smoking, drinking, illicit drug use, risky sexual behaviour, violence and physical inactivity. Life skills development has been proven to reduce many health risk behaviours in adolescents. The Life Effectiveness Questionnaire (LEQ) is a psychometric instrument which has been developed to measure life skills. Social Cognitive Theory posits that people are not driven by inner forces nor are they controlled by external stimuli, rather there is a reciprocal triadic relationship where the environment, cognition and personal factors influences learning through observation. When in the presence of their peers, adolescents are more likely to engage in health risk behaviour because of peer influence and immediate rewards. This study aimed to study the effects of the LEQs life skills domains as it relates to the engagement in health risk behaviour among Grade 8 learners in a selected high school in Paarl. This study used a quantitative methodology with a cross-sectional design employing written surveys. The sample consisted of 104 Grade 8 learners. The data was collected using self-reported questionnaires. One was the LEQ (Appendix 5 and 6) which measures life skills and the other was the Youth Risk Behaviour Surveillance Survey (YRBSS) (Appendix 7) which measures the prevalence of health risk behaviour engagement. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences V24 (SPSS). The results suggested that there is still a high prevalence of health risk behaviour engagement among Grade 8 learners with increases evident in some of the health risk behaviours.
The effect of parental involvement on the identity styles of adolescents
(University of the Western Cape, 2018) Harker-van Heerden, Marsha; Roman, Nicolette V.; Davids, Eugene Lee
Adolescence is a phase when youth engage in risk-taking behaviour, which could result in poor physical and psychological adjustment. Risk behaviour is a result of poor decision- making. Decision-making is associated with exploration and commitment, also referred to as identity styles. During the phase of developing an identity style, parenting is challenging; however, research reveals that parental involvement, as well as a more positive approaches to parenting, have been observed to influence child behaviour and outcomes. For parenting and identity styles, this is not very clear. Therefore, the aim of this current study was to assess the effect of parental involvement on the identity styles of adolescents. The study employed a quantitative, cross-sectional, correlational research design. The respondents were conveniently sampled. The final sample was Grade 10 learners in the Metro East Education District, with a mean age of 16.01 (SD=1.04). Data were collected through a self-reported questionnaire, which comprised three parts: demographic details of participants, Parent Involvement Mechanisms Measure, and Identity Styles Scale. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results revealed that informational identity style was the most prevalent identity style, which was significantly and positively predicted, with 18% of variance. For mothers, maternal modelling and maternal instruction significantly predicted the informational style. For fathers, paternal reinforcement significantly and positively predicted commitment style, with 14% of variance. Recommendations are provided based on the findings of this current study.
The role of practitioners in early childhood development centres in shaping behaviour of children
(University of the Western Cape, 2018) Shertiel, Sabra Hussein; Erasmus, C.J.
Early childhood centres play a profound role in shaping the behaviour of children. Research indicates that early childhood centres contribute to the holistic development of children, encompassing their motor, congnitive and behavioural skills. Research has further shown that the South African authorities have an early childhood policy which spans various aspects of childhood development. To establish the nexus between early childhood centres and the behaviour of children, this study explored the role of practitioners in early childhood development centres in shaping the behaviour of children. The study uses the Ecological Systems Theory to interrogate its tenets of the theory and the research findings. The study engaged a qualitative approach to explore this phenomenon. Semi-structured interviews, field notes and observations were used to obtain data from parents, principals and practitioners at early childhood centres. Data was analysed thematically and as such, three main themes emerged from the research: the behaviour of children in early childhood development centres; practitioners' perceptions of their own roles in early childhood development centres; and the attitudes of practitioners towards their roles in early development centres.
The perception of measures to reduce the push factors of juvenile crime in South African schools: A Case study of two schools
(University of the Western Cape, 2018) Matsilele, Justice; Nortje, Nico; Erasmus, Charlene
The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (2000) emphasizes that all actions which pertains to children should be in their best interest and this includes the welfare of learners in schools. This study sought to explore the perception of measures to reduce the push factors of juvenile crime in two South African schools. A Social Learning Theory was employed as the theoretical lens for this study and a qualitative case study approach, which is explorative and descriptive in nature, was also used. An interview schedule was used to collect data focusing on in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with participants as well as key informants. Convenience sampling, which is a non- probability type of sampling that entails the selection of samples based on their convenience and accessibility was used given the sensitive aspect of this particular study, especially on the identification of research participants. A sample of seven focus groups consisting of seven participants was drawn from the entire population of two selected schools in order to have a minimum of 49 representatives from each school. Audio recordings and transcribed verbatim were analyzed by the researcher as data collection technique. A thematic analysis, which looks across all data to identify common issues and recurring themes, was used. This research sought to be ethically considerate, adhering to codes such as confidentiality, informed consent, voluntary participation and others. Findings indicate that five crimes (substance use, stealing, bullying, physical fights and gangster activity) identified as recurring themes during the general preliminary investigation of juvenile crimes were also identified as common crimes at the two selected schools. Another observation in this study was that school juvenile offenders are generally cognisant of push factors of juvenile crime in schools, but are less informed when it comes to assimilating push factors with measures to reduce juvenile crimes.
The role of a fathers' intervention group in the caregiving and involvement with their families
(University of the Western Cape, 2018) Nkurunziza, Jean-Marie Vianney; Roman, Nicolette
The father-child relationship, either negative or positive, at any stage in the life of the child, has a profound and wide-ranging impact on the child that lasts a lifetime irrespective of culture or ethnic association. Global studies are shifting toward studies of the father-child relationship in relation to the psychosocial well-being of the child.
A comparison of the relationship between peer pressure and social acceptability among hookah-pipe users and non-users
(University of the Western Cape, 2018) Visman, Heidré; Roman, Nicolette V.; Rich, Edna
Hookah-pipe smoking escalated from being a cultural phenomenon to being a social phenomenon. Studies suggest that the hookah-pipe is a high-risk phenomenon which has become a highly acceptable social practice influenced by social factors such as smoking initiations among peers. What is unknown is whether peer pressure and social acceptance have an influence on the use of the hookah-pipe. The aim of this study is therefore to compare the relationship between peer pressure and social acceptance among adolescent hookah-pipe users and non-users. The objectives of the study are to determine the prevalence of peer pressure, social acceptability and smoking tobacco using the hookah-pipe among adolescents; establish the relationship between peer pressure and social acceptability of adolescent hookah-pipe users and non-users and to compare the relationship between peer pressure and social acceptability among adolescent hookah-pipe users and non-users. A cross-sectional comparative correlation study was conducted with a sample of Grade 9 adolescents attending secondary schools in the Metro East Education District in Cape Town. Structured questionnaires constructed from the NationalASH 10 Year Snapshot Survey, the 10-year in-depth survey, the health and lifestyle survey and peer pressure, as well as an NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development questionnaire were completed by the participants. The Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) software was used to analyse the data. The results show that no relationship was found between peer pressure and social acceptance, but a relationship was found between parental rules and monitoring around tobacco use for hookah-pipe users. A significant difference was also found in the attitudes towards hookah use between users and non-users. The ethics for this study included voluntary participation, informed consent and anonymity.
Exploring the perceptions, experiences and challenges of families after the father’s exposure to a fatherhood intervention programme
(University of the Western Cape, 2019) Payne, Jessica; Erasmus, C.
Fathers have a valuable, nurturing role to play in the lives of their children. Although a father’s availability and time with his child is important, the quality of a father’s involvement with his child is however, the strong predictor of child well-being. Therefore, Fatherhood intervention programmes desire to address fundamental issues that prevent men from succeeding in their fathering role. An understanding and evidence of the influence of fatherhood interventions on the role of the father in the family, is thus required. The aim of the study was to explore the perceptions, experiences and challenges of families after the father’s exposure to a fatherhood intervention programme. A qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews was utilized. Thematic analysis had been used to analyse the data and five themes emerged from the study. They were constructions of fatherhood, experiences and perceptions of the fatherhood intervention programme, father’s experiences of the father-child relationship after exposure to the programme, spouse/partner perceptions and experiences of their relationships with their spouse after exposure to the programme, and the facilitator’s experiences of engaging fathers. The overall outcomes were that families perceived and experienced the fathers to be more involved, responsible and sharing in parenthood after exposure to the fatherhood intervention programme. This led to an increase of father involvement with children - childcare activities, schoolwork and well-being of the children; their spouse/partner - an improvement in the quality of the relationship between the fathers and their spouses/partners and an increase involvement in the home.

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