UWCScholar :: Browsing by Author "Mohamed, Nadia"

Browsing by Author "Mohamed, Nadia"

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Accuracy of acetate overlays in bite mark comparison: How accurate is an ideal bite pattern?
(South African Dental Association, 2017) Mohamed, Nadia; Phillips, V.M.
Forensically, a bite mark on human skin is reliant on the matching of the alignment and position of the dentition of the perpetrator with the bruise pattern inflicted by the bite. If there is more than one suspect, the bite pattern of each suspect needs to be analysed. At least hypothetically, a bite delivered by a person who has had orthodontic treatment will result in a bruise pattern of an ideal arrangement of the teeth. If there are two suspects, both of whom have had orthodontic treatment, could that “ideal” alignment compromise identification of the perpetrator of the bite mark?
Antibacterial activity of different Iodoform-based preparations used as root filling materials in Paediatric Dentistry
(University of the Western Cape, 2019) Mohamed, Razan Azahry Abdelhalim; Mohamed, Nadia
Background: The primary goal of pulp therapy in the deciduous dentition is to keep the teeth fully functional in order to prevent arch space loss. A pulpectomy is a pulp therapy procedure indicated when an irreversibly inflamed or necrotic radicular pulp is encountered. ZOE and iodoform pastes (i.e. Kri 1 paste and Vitapex) have been recommended as root filling materials after pulpectomy. High clinical success rates have been reported with Vitapex and the fact that it resorbs readily when extruded beyond the apex is an added advantage. However, it has also been reported to resorb from within the root canals and even cause pathological root resorption in cases where the vital pulp is inflamed (Nurko et al., 2000). Iodoform-based preparations are thought to be more appropriate because they fulfill nearly all the requirements of the ideal root filling materials in primary teeth. Despite this, there are limited studies comparing the antibacterial effect of iodoform-based preparations. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of Vitapex (V), Kri 1 paste (K) and pure iodoform (I) against E. faecalis.
Characteristics of children under 6 years of age treated for Early Childhood Caries at Tygerberg Oral Health Centre, South Africa
(Tufts University, School of Dental Medicine, 2008) Mohamed, Nadia; Barnes, Jo
Objective: This retrospective survey highlighted the characteristics of children less than six years of age presenting with early childhood caries(ECC) who had two or more teeth extracted under intravenous sedation at the Tygerberg Oral Health Centre in Cape Town, South Africa. This survey was carried out in order to plan a community-appropriate intervention strategy. Methods: Records of 140 patients kept by the pediatric Dentistry Division met the inclusion criteria and were included in this survey. Most of the patients originate from economically disadvantaged areas. Results: Diet, feeding and oral hygiene habits were shown to be the most significant factors that contributed to the development of ECC in these patients. All the children were either breast- or bottle-fed past one year of age. 93.6% of the children went to sleep with the bottle or while on the breast and 90% of them were fed on demand during the night. On average, breastfeeding was stopped at 9 months of age compared to bottle-feeding that, on average, was stopped at a much later mean age of 23 months. Where oral hygiene practices were concerned, 52.6% of children brushed their own teeth without supervision. Frequency of brushing varied between subjects. Conclusion: The results of this study have demonstrated that there is a need for culturally appropriate education campaigns to inform parents (especially those in disadvantaged communities) about the importance of oral health and the prevention of oral disease.
A comparative study to determine the shock absorption ability of two popular mouth guards available on the South African market
(Electronic Doctor (E-Doc) Publishers & SADA, 2017) Mohamed, Nadia; Grobler, Sias Renier; Basson, N. J.; Osman, Yusuf Ismail; Mulder, Riaan
It is expected that most mouth guards will provide some level of protection to teeth. In this study a device was developed to measure the relative impact absorption of two different mouth guards (Proform, Type III vacuum-formed and Max, Type IV pressure laminate). Seven of each of the two types of mouth guards were made and each batch was exposed to between six and 10 impact trials.
A comparison of the dental age estimation methods of Phillips and Proffit in a sample of South African children
(The South African Dental Association, 2018) Elgamri, Alya; Mohamed, Nadia; Hudaon, Athol
Introduction: Dental age is an indicator of the physiological maturity of growing children. Different methods for estimating the dental age in contrast to the chronological age have been proposed. Aims and objectives: The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the accuracy of the Phillips and the Proffit methods in estimating the dental age in a mixed sample of South African children. Methods: A random selection was completed of 100 panoramic radiographs of patients with known chronological ages, ranging between 6 and 11 years. Dental age for each radlograph was esdmated using both the Phillips and the Proffit methods. Results: The Phillips method underestimated the age of combined sample by four months (statistically significant p =0.03}, whilst the age of the boys sample was underestimated by six months (statistically significant p <0.0001). For the girls' sample, the Proffit method underestimated the age by only two days (not statistically significant p =0.97). Proffit's method underestimated the age of the boys by two months (not statistically significant (P= 0.15). Conclusion: Even though It has not previously been validated, Proffit's description of dental development has been shown to be accurate in estimating the dental age.
A Comparison of the dental age estimation methods of Phillips and Proffit in a sample of South African children at the Tygerberg Dental Faculty
(University of the Western Cape, 2015) Elgamri, Alya Isam Eldin Gafar; Mohamed, Nadia; Hudson, Athol
Background: Dental age is an indicator of the physiological maturity of growing children. Different methods for estimating the dental age in comparison to the chronological age were proposed in the literature. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of two methods i.e. the Phillips and Proffit methods in estimating the dental age in a sample of South African children at the Tygerberg dental faculty. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted by randomly selecting 100 panoramic radiographs with known chronological age. The sample contained an equal number of girls and boys (50 in each group) and the chronological age ranged between 6 and 11 years. Dental age for each radiograph was estimated using the Phillips and the Proffit methods respectively. The mean difference between dental and chronological age was calculated. Dental and chronological ages were compared using overall bias and random errors. Results: The results showed that for the girls’ sample, the Phillips method underestimated the age by 4 months which is statistically significant (p-value =0.03). The Proffit method underestimated the age by 2 days which is not statistically significant (p-value =0.97). Both methods however have the same frequency of random errors. For the boys’ sample, Phillips’ method underestimated the age by 6 months which is statistically significant (p-value <0.0001). Proffit’s method underestimated the age by 2 months which is not statistically significant (p-value= 0.15). The Phillips method was shown to have fewer random errors in boys. Discussion: The above mentioned results showed that for dental age estimation for girls, Proffit’s method would be more appropriate. This rationale is explained by the conclusion that it only underestimates the age by 2 days and has the same frequency of random errors as Phillips’ method. However, if one had to choose between the two methods for boys, the situation should be evaluated carefully. For boys, the Phillips method has fewer random errors but a larger overall bias (6 months) whereas Proffit’s method has more random errors but less overall bias (2 months). The choice between the two methods should therefore depend on the purpose of the estimation. If the method is used for estimating the age in a single individual with an unknown chronological age, Phillips’ method would be more preferable. However, if the method is used for age estimation in populations with a known mean chronological age, Proffit is preferred. Conclusion: Proffit’s description for dental development has been shown to be accurate in estimating the DA. It may therefore be considered to be a legitimate DA estimation method and not just a developmental description for the dentition.
A comparison of two liner materials for use in the ferric sulfate pulpotomy
(South African Dental Association, 2008) Mohamed, Nadia
Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare the success rate obtained when applying either a calcium hydroxide (Dycal) base or a zinc oxide-eugenol (Kalzinol) base following the traditional ferric sulfate pulpotomy. Methods: Patients were either treated in the chair or under general anaesthesia. All teeth had to have radiographic evidence of caries close to the pulp. After haemostasis was achieved with damp cotton pellets, ferric sulfate was applied to the pulpal stumps. Half of the cases then received a Dycal base followed by a cured layer of Vitrebond and a permanent amalgam restoration. The other half of the cases received a base of zinc oxide-eugenol (Kalzinol) followed by an amalgam restoration. The cases were followed up every 6 months for one year (ie. 2 follow-up visits). Radiographs were taken at each follow-up visit. Results: Overall, teeth treated with Dycal demonstrated a higher failure rate when compared with those that received the Kalzinol base. Abscess formation and internal resorption were the most common causes of failure. Even though the Kalzinol base demonstrated greater success, there were still quite a few failures. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that calcium hydroxide cannot be recommended as a medicament in primary tooth pulpotomies.
Continuous workplace-based assessment as an indication of clinical competence in paediatric dentistry
(International Network for Higher Education in Africa, 2021) Mohamed, Nadia; Smit, Liezl
An authentic workplace setting provides the ideal opportunity for assessment of students’ clinical competence at the ‘does’ level of performance. Final-year dental students in the Department of Paediatric Dentistry at the University of the Western Cape are evaluated in the clinical environment on a daily basis through multiple clinical evaluations which assess clinical and diagnostic skills over a year. An additional end-of-module clinical assessment in the form of a single blinded patient case (BPC) determines if students have reached the expected level of clinical competence in terms of patient evaluation and diagnosis. However, the reliability and feasibility of this single end-of-module clinical case have been questioned in this setting. This study aimed to determine if the current continuous workplace-based assessment (WPBA) results could be used as an indication of final-year students’ clinical competence at the end of the module. A retrospective, quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted of all complete assessment records. The correlation between the continuous WPBA components was analysed together with an evaluation of the reliability and validity of the assessment results. The continuous formative WPBA practices were found to be both valid and reliable when using Kane’s (2013) and Royal’s (2017) frameworks for analysis. However, the BPC should be reconsidered due to feasibility and reliability concerns. Key words: Dental education, Paediatric Dentistry, clinical skills, workplace, summative, formative, continuous assessment
Demarcated hypomineralization lesions: Prevalence, defect characteristics and OHRQoL among a subpopulation of Saudi children attending King Khalid University outpatient dental clinics
(University of the Western Cape, 2022) Salih, Malaz Mohamed Elrafie Mustafa; Mohamed, Nadia
Demarcated hypomineralization lesions of enamel (DHL) are qualitative developmental abnormalities of dental enamel, described morphologically as well-defined areas of hypomineralization. Two distinct entities of DHL have been demonstrated: Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) and Hypomineralized Second Primary Molars (HSPM). To date, very few prevalence studies of DHL exist in the Arab and Saudi regions.
Dental treatment of pre-school paediatric patients under general anaesthesia in the Western Cape
(2009) Peerbhay, Fathima Bibi Mahomed; Barrie, Robert; Mohamed, Nadia
AIM:The aim of this study was to review the data available from the Department of Health(DOH), on pre-school paediatric patients treated under Dental General Anaesthesia(DGA), at public health facilities in the Western Cape (WC) in order to ascertain the type and nature of treatment provided.METHODOLOGY:This retrospective descriptive study reviewed the records on the Department of Health(DoH) Database of 16 732 pre-school patients treated under dental general anaesthesia in the period 1 January 2005 until 31 December 2007. A questionnaire was also completed telephonically with 22 dentists from the district dental health clinics.Summary descriptive statistics were calculated from data collected and comparisons were drawn between services available at the health districts and academic hospitals.RESULTS:Of the 58 255 procedures recorded for pre-school patients in the district health clinics in the Western Cape, 99.94% were for extractions provided and 0.5% for restorations.The average number of teeth extracted was 10.4 (SD ±3.9).The average rate of DGA per 1000 of the population was 1.06. Only 9% (2) of dentists at district clinics reported that pre-DGA prevention was provided and 5% (1) reported including post-DGA prevention. The Academic Hospital at Tygerberg Oral Health Centre was the only facility in the Western Cape that provided comprehensive dental treatment for pre-school patients which included restorations, extractions, pre and post DGA prevention. Red Cross Children’s Hospital provided treatment for pre-school patients under DGA that included extractions, pre- and post DGA, but no restorative treatment. CONCLUSION:The demand for DGA in pre-school patients in the WC was high. The lack of prevention associated with DGA in the public health service is the most likely reason the retreatment rate under DGA was reported by dentists as being 77%. There was an absence of protocol regarding DGA for pre-school patients in the public health service.RECOMMENDATIONS:Guidelines formulated were recommended for use in the public service for pre-school patients being treated under DGA and includes the provision of preventive interventions such as regular topical fluoride applications, oral hygiene instruction and dietary advice.
Early childhood caries and dental treatment need in low socio-economic communities in Cape Town, South Africa
(AOSIS, 2018) Mohamed, Nadia; Barnes, Jo M.
BACKGROUND: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a particularly severe problem in low socioeconomic communities which impacts the overall health and well-being of children. The extensive waiting lists for general anaesthesia and sedation services at the only tertiary dental care centre in the study area for the treatment of children with ECC were an indication of the extent of the problem. The true extent of the problem in this area was, however, not known. This information is crucial in order to plan and execute remedial measures. AIM: To assess the prevalence of oral and dental problems, especially ECC, in children under six years of age in the study population, and ascertain their need for dental treatment. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 659 children from selected schools and clinics in the study area was carried out between 2010 and 2013. RESULTS: A caries prevalence of 71.6% (472/659) was recorded. Of these, 67.5% (445/659) of children were in need of dental treatment. CONCLUSION: Over the last decade, there has been no improvement in the caries status of children in the study population, and no organised measures have been put in place to address this problem. Awareness needs to be raised so that governments, especially in developing countries, can take appropriate measures to alleviate this public health problem. Time and resources have to be invested in the education of all health professionals dealing with children, by raising their awareness of the early stages of the disease so that timeous referrals can be made.
Early identification and management of mandibular canine ectopia
(South African Dental Association, 2011) Hudson, Athol; Harris, Angela; Mohamed, Nadia
Mandibular canine impaction and transmigration have serious consequences for the patient, as removal of the tooth or teeth in question is often the only solution. The loss of one or both mandibular canines complicates orthodontic treatment. Early warning signs of mandibular canine ectopia are explored in this paper as well as how to assess the potential for displacement, impaction and/or transmigration. This paper highlights the value of interceptive treatment once the early signs of an aberrant mandibular canine have been detected.
In vitro analysis of the marginal adaptation and discrepancy of stainless steel crowns
(Taylor & Francis, 2018) Mulder, Riaan; Medhat, Rasha; Mohamed, Nadia
Aim: The purpose of the study was to assess the marginal adaptation and discrepancy of SSC’s. Differences in adaptation and discrepancy between the four surfaces (mesial, lingual, distal, and buccal) were evaluated. Methods: The placement of stainless steel crowns were completed on a phantom head in accordance with the clinical technique. The ideal tooth preparation was made and this ‘master tooth’ duplicated to achieve a sample size of 15. The stainless steel crowns were placed, trimmed, and cemented as per the clinical technique. The cemented stainless crowns were analyzed under 100 stereomicroscope magnification. The marginal adaptation and discrepancy of each specimen was measured every 2 mm. Results: All the specimens showed marginal adaptation and discrepancy. The lingual margin had a significantly better adaptation (p<.0001) over the other surfaces. The buccal surface was the only surface that had an appropriate supra-CEJ level with a significance of p<.0001. Conclusion: The marginal discrepancies occur during the trimming procedure and assessment of the gingival approximation of the SSC margin. The inspection of stainless steel crown adaptation and discrepancy is an essential clinical step.
An in vitro study of the properties of GICs with bioactive biomaterial modification
(University of the Western Cape, 2019) Mulder, Riaan; Mohamed, Nadia
The fluoride release and chemical adherence to tooth structure remain the most desirable features of glass ionomer restorative cements (GICs). Although the physical properties for multi-surface restorations are well-defined, even with the introduction of newer GICs not all demands have been met. Yet, increased use of GICs will only be possible if clinicians change their perceptions of the low survival rate of GICs. The lower clinical success rate of GICs is partly due to the marginal integrity and wear over time, which has often been recorded in the literature as restoration failure. The current, well-established restorative options for the primary dentition are Resin Modified Glass Ionomers (RMGICs) and Compomer resins. There is a paradigm shift towards materials that are more biologically favourable. Areas of research for dental materials include antibacterial properties in conjunction with ion release to maintain healthy restored teeth. If a GIC can provide adequate physical properties with the inclusion of the aforementioned features, GICs might become a more viable permanent restorative solution.
Introducing dental students to e-learning at a South African University
(Health and Medical Publishing Group, 2012) Mohamed, Nadia; Peerbhay, Fathima
This article serves to report on the introduction of an innovative ‘blended learning’ approach in the Paediatric Dentistry Department at the University of the Western Cape (UWC) in Cape Town, South Africa. This intervention was the first of its kind to be introduced at UWC’s dentistry faculty. Methods Educational resources were placed online to supplement didactic and clinical teaching and in so-doing, compensate for the lack of chair side teaching. An online learning platform was thus provided for students to engage with. Results Forty-seven percent of students accessed the site. The evaluation of the course by these 4th and 5th year students was mostly positive. Students who did not access the site provided a variety of reasons for not doing so, with the main reasons being the ‘lack of time’ (40%) and ‘lack of IT resources’ (41%). Conclusion This intervention highlighted the fact that ‘blended learning’ definitely has its place in the dentistry curriculum, especially if minor issues like access to resources can be addressed. The Paediatric Dentistry department at the University of Western Cape is continually pursuing current trends in teaching to provide an education that is on par with global standards.
Knowledge, attitudes and practices (Kap) regarding early childhood caries among nurses working in a low socio-economic area
(Peertechz, 2015) Mohamed, Nadia; Barnes, Jo
In the poorer communities, nursing professionals are usually the first health professionals to come into contact with parents and their children. They are therefore the first port of call when patients need information about health matters and are thus able to have a positive impact on oral health and the prevention of ECC. To investigate the knowledge of nursing professionals regarding oral health in children and specifically ECC and its causes. A convenience sample was used which included all nurses who agreed to participate. Questionnaires were completed for 83 nurses at the various facilities in a low socio-economic area of Cape Town, South Africa. Information was obtained regarding their attitude towards dental care, general oral health knowledge and knowledge of feeding and oral hygiene practices. In the sample of nurses surveyed, it is clear that the knowledge regarding oral health related matters is sorely lacking. More time and resources need to be invested into equipping these nurses to provide basic oral health information to the broader community in order to alleviate the burden of ECC.
Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of school teachers regarding the management of traumatic dental injuries
(University of the Western Cape, 2022) Ali, Hiba; Mohamed, Nadia
Dental trauma presents a significant public health problem due to its high prevalence and effect on the quality of life of children and their families. School is the place where the most traumatic dental injuries (TDI’s) occur. TDIs are more common in children of school-going age due to daily activities such as running, sporting activities, and bike riding, to mention a few. Previous studies have shown that teachers’ knowledge of how to manage traumatic dental emergencies is inadequate.
Maxillary canine management in the pre-adolescent: A guideline for general practitioners.
(South African Dental Association, 2010) Hudson, Athol; Harris, Angela; Mohamed, Nadia
This paper focuses on the identification of ectopic eruption patterns of the maxillary canines from the dental ages of approximately 8 to 12 years. The timing and suitability of interceptive treatment in pre-adolescents are discussed.
The mixed dentition pantomogram: A valuable dental development assessment tool for the dentist
(South African Dental Association, 2009) Hudson, Athol; Harris, Angela; Mohamed, Nadia
The mixed dentition pantomogram is routinely used in paediatric patients. This paper discusses the value of the pantomogram for early identification of problems in dental development during the mixed dentition stage. Aspects regarding dental maturity, leeway space, the sequence of eruption of the permanent teeth, anomalies and the development of the canines will be reviewed.
Neutral sodium fluoride gel uptake of newly placed nanodiamond-modified glass ionomers
(Quintessence Publishing, 2020) Mulder, Riaan; Mohamed, Nadia; Frazenburg, Madelaine
Three commercial restorative glass-ionomer cements (GICs) were modified with 5% and 10 wt/wt% nanodiamond (ND) particles incorporated into the powder of the GICs. The aim of the study was to assess the percentage of surface fluoride increase on different materials, following 2% neutral sodium fluoride gel application (2% NSF).

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