UWCScholar :: Browsing by Author "Hawkes, Corinna"

Browsing by Author "Hawkes, Corinna"

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"Big Food", the consumer food environment, health and the policy response in South Africa
(Public Library of Science, 2012) Igumbor, Ehimario U.; Sanders, David; Puoane, Thandi; Tsolekile, Lungiswa; Schwarz, Cassandra; Purdy, Christopher; Swart, Rina; Durao, Solange; Hawkes, Corinna
Summary Points: * In South Africa, as in other jurisdictions, ‘‘Big Food’’ (large commercial entities that dominate the food and beverage environment) is becoming more widespread and is implicated in unhealthy eating. * ‘‘Small food’’ remains significant in the food environment in South Africa, and it is both linked with, and threatened by, Big Food. * Big Food in South Africa involves South African companies, some of which have invested in other (mainly, but not only, African) nations, as well as companies headquartered in North America and Europe. * These companies have developed strategies to increase the availability, affordability, and acceptability of their foods in South Africa; they have also developed a range of ‘‘health and wellness’’ initiatives. Whether these initiatives have had a net positive or net negative impact is not clear. The South African government should act urgently to mitigate the adverse health effects in the food environment in South Africa through education about the health risks of unhealthy diets, regulation of Big Food, and support for healthy foods.
INFORMAS (International Network for Food and Obesity/non-communicable diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support): overview and key principles
(John Wiley & Sons, 2013) Swinburn, B.; Sacks, G.; Sanders, David; Vandevijvere, S.; Kumanyika, S.; Lobstein, T.; Neal, B.; Barquera, S.; Friel, S.; Hawkes, Corinna; Kelly, B.; L’Abbé, M.; Lee, A.; Ma, J.; Macmullan, J.; Mohan, S.; Monteiro, Carlos; Rayner, M.; Snowdon, W.; Walker, C.
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) dominate disease burdens globally and poor nutrition increasingly contributes to this global burden. Comprehensive monitoring of food environments, and evaluation of the impact of public and private sector policies on food environments is needed to strengthen accountability systems to reduce NCDs. The International Network for Food and Obesity/NCDs Research, Monitoring and Action Support (INFORMAS) is a global network of public-interest organizations and researchers that aims to monitor, benchmark and support public and private sector actions to create healthy food environments and reduce obesity, NCDs and their related inequalities. The INFORMAS framework includes two ‘process’ modules, that monitor the policies and actions of the public and private sectors, seven ‘impact’ modules that monitor the key characteristics of food environments and three ‘outcome’ modules that monitor dietary quality, risk factors and NCD morbidity and mortality. Monitoring frameworks and indicators have been developed for 10 modules to provide consistency, but allowing for stepwise approaches (‘minimal’, ‘expanded’, ‘optimal’) to data collection and analysis. INFORMAS data will enable benchmarking of food environments between countries, and monitoring of progress over time within countries. Through monitoring and benchmarking, INFORMAS will strengthen the accountability systems needed to help reduce the burden of obesity, NCDs and their related inequalities.
Monitoring and benchmarking government policies and actions to improve the healthiness of food environment Policy Index
(John Wiley & Sons, 2013) Swinburn, B.; Vandevijvere, S.; Sanders, David; Kraak, V.; Sacks, G.; Snowdon, W.; Hawkes, Corinna; Barquera, S.; Friel, S.; Kelly, B.; Kumanyika, S.; L’Abbé, M.; Lee, A.; Lobstein, T.; Ma, J.; Macmullan, J.; Mohan, S.; Monteiro, Carlos; Neal, B.; Rayner, M.; Walker, C.
Government action is essential to increase the healthiness of food environments and reduce obesity, diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and their related inequalities. This paper proposes a monitoring framework to assess government policies and actions for creating healthy food environments. Recommendations from relevant authoritative organizations and expert advisory groups for reducing obesity and NCDs were examined, and pertinent components were incorporated into a comprehensive framework for monitoring government policies and actions. A Government Healthy Food Environment Policy Index (Food- EPI) was developed, which comprises a ‘policy’ component with seven domains on specific aspects of food environments, and an ‘infrastructure support’ component with seven domains to strengthen systems to prevent obesity and NCDs. These were revised through a week-long consultation process with international experts. Examples of good practice statements are proposed within each domain, and these will evolve into benchmarks established by governments at the forefront of creating and implementing food policies for good health. A rating process is proposed to assess a government’s level of policy implementation towards good practice. The Food-EPI will be pre-tested and piloted in countries of varying size and income levels. The benchmarking of government policy implementation has the potential to catalyse greater action to reduce obesity and NCDs.
Monitoring food and non-alcoholic beverage promotions to children
(Wiley, 2013) Kelly, B.; King, L.; Sanders, David; Baur, L.; Rayner, M.; Lobstein, T.; Monteiro, Carlos; Macmullan, J.; Mohan, S.; Barquera, S.; Friel, S.; Hawkes, Corinna; Kumanyika, S.; L’Abbé, M.; Lee, A.; Ma, J.; Neal, B.; Sacks, G.; Snowdon, W.; Swinburn, B.; Vandevijvere, S.; Walker, C.
Food and non-alcoholic beverage marketing is recognized as an important factor influencing food choices related to non-communicable diseases. The monitoring of populations’ exposure to food and nonalcoholic beverage promotions, and the content of these promotions, is necessary to generate evidence to understand the extent of the problem, and to determine appropriate and effective policy responses. A review of studies measuring the nature and extent of exposure to food promotions was conducted to identify approaches to monitoring food promotions via dominant media platforms. A step-wise approach, comprising ‘minimal’, ‘expanded’ and ‘optimal’ monitoring activities, was designed. This approach can be used to assess the frequency and level of exposure of population groups (especially children) to food promotions, the persuasive power of techniques used in promotional communications (power of promotions) and the nutritional composition of promoted food products. Detailed procedures for data sampling, data collection and data analysis for a range of media types are presented, as well as quantifiable measurement indicators for assessing exposure to and power of food and non-alcoholic beverage promotions. The proposed framework supports the development of a consistent system for monitoring food and non-alcoholic beverage promotions for comparison between countries and over time.
Monitoring foods and beverages provided and sold in public sector settings
(John Wiley & Sons, 2013) L’Abbé, M.; Schermel, A.; Sanders, David; Minaker, L.; Kelly, B.; Lee, A.; Vandevijvere, S.; Twohig, P.; Barquera, S.; Friel, S.; Hawkes, Corinna; Kumanyika, S.; Lobstein, T.; Ma, J.; Macmullan, J.; Mohan, S.; Monteiro, Carlos; Neal, B.; Rayner, M.; Sacks, G.; Snowdon, W.; Swinburn, B.; Walker, C.
This paper outlines a step-wise framework for monitoring foods and beverages provided or sold in publicly funded institutions. The focus is on foods in schools, but the framework can also be applied to foods provided or sold in other publicly funded institutions. Data collection and evaluation within this monitoring framework will consist of two components. In component I, information on existing food or nutrition policies and/or programmes within settings would be compiled. Currently, nutrition standards and voluntary guidelines associated with such policies/programmes vary widely globally. This paper, which provides a comprehensive review of such standards and guidelines, will facilitate institutional learnings for those jurisdictions that have not yet established them or are undergoing review of existing ones. In component II, the quality of foods provided or sold in public sector settings is evaluated relative to existing national or sub-national nutrition standards or voluntary guidelines. Where there are no (or only poor) standards or guidelines available, the nutritional quality of foods can be evaluated relative to standards of a similar jurisdiction or other appropriate standards. Measurement indicators are proposed (within ‘minimal’, ‘expanded’ and ‘optimal’ approaches) that can be used to monitor progress over time in meeting policy objectives, and facilitate comparisons between countries.
Monitoring policy and actions on food environments: rationale and outline of the INFORMAS policy engagement and communication stategies
(John Wiley & Sons, 2013) Brinsden, H.; Lobstein, T.; Sanders, David; Landon, J.; Kraak, V.; Sacks, G.; Kumanyika, S.; Swinburn, B.; Barquera, S.; Friel, S.; Hawkes, Corinna; Kelly, B.; L’Abbé, M.; Lee, A.; Ma, J.; Macmullan, J.; Mohan, S.; Monteiro, Carlos; Neal, B.; Rayner, M.; Snowdon, W.; Vandevijvere, S.; Walker, C.
The International Network for Food and Obesity/non-communicable diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support (INFORMAS) proposes to collect performance indicators on food policies, actions and environments related to obesity and non-communicable diseases. This paper reviews existing communications strategies used for performance indicators and proposes the approach to be taken for INFORMAS. Twenty-seven scoring and rating tools were identified in various fields of public health including alcohol, tobacco, physical activity, infant feeding and food environments. These were compared based on the types of indicators used and how they were quantified, scoring methods, presentation and the communication and reporting strategies used. There are several implications of these analyses for INFORMAS: the ratings/benchmarking approach is very commonly used, presumably because it is an effective way to communicate progress and stimulate action, although this has not been formally evaluated; the tools used must be trustworthy, pragmatic and policy-relevant; multiple channels of communication will be needed; communications need to be tailored and targeted to decision-makers; data and methods should be freely accessible. The proposed communications strategy for INFORMAS has been built around these lessons to ensure that INFORMAS’s outputs have the greatest chance of being used to improve food environments.
Monitoring the impacts of trade agreements on food environments
(John Wiley & Sons, 2013) Friel, S.; Hattersley, L.; Sanders, David; Snowdon, W.; Thow, A. M.; Lobstein, T.; Barquera, S.; Mohan, S.; Hawkes, Corinna; Kelly, B.; Kumanyika, S.; L’Abbe, M.; Lee, A.; Ma, J.; Macmullan, J.; Monteiro, Carlos; Neal, B.; Rayner, M.; Sacks, G.; Swinburn, B.; Vandevijvere, S.; C. Walker, C.
The liberalization of international trade and foreign direct investment through multilateral, regional and bilateral agreements has had profound implications for the structure and nature of food systems, and therefore, for the availability, nutritional quality, accessibility, price and promotion of foods in different locations. Public health attention has only relatively recently turned to the links between trade and investment agreements, diets and health, and there is currently no systematic monitoring of this area. This paper reviews the available evidence on the links between trade agreements, food environments and diets from an obesity and non-communicable disease (NCD) perspective. Based on the key issues identified through the review, the paper outlines an approach for monitoring the potential impact of trade agreements on food environments and obesity/NCD risks. The proposed monitoring approach encompasses a set of guiding principles, recommended procedures for data collection and analysis, and quantifiable ‘minimal’, ‘expanded’ and ‘optimal’ measurement indicators to be tailored to national priorities, capacity and resources. Formal risk assessment processes of existing and evolving trade and investment agreements, which focus on their impacts on food environments will help inform the development of healthy trade policy, strengthen domestic nutrition and health policy space and ultimately protect population nutrition.
Monitoring the levels of important nutrients in the food supply
(John Wiley & Sons, 2013) Neal, B.; Sacks, G.; Sanders, David; Swinburn, B.; Vandevijvere, S.; Dunford, E.; Snowdon, W.; Webster, J.; Barquera, S.; Friel, S.; Hawkes, Corinna; Kelly, B.; Kumanyika, S.; L’Abbé, M.; Lee, A.; Lobstein, T.; Ma, J.; Macmullan, J.; Mohan, S.; Monteiro, Carlos; Rayner, M.; Walker, C.
A food supply that delivers energy-dense products with high levels of salt, saturated fats and trans fats, in large portion sizes, is a major cause of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The highly processed foods produced by large food corporations are primary drivers of increases in consumption of these adverse nutrients. The objective of this paper is to present an approach to monitoring food composition that can both document the extent of the problem and underpin novel actions to address it. The monitoring approach seeks to systematically collect information on high-level contextual factors influencing food composition and assess the energy density, salt, saturated fat, trans fats and portion sizes of highly processed foods for sale in retail outlets (with a focus on supermarkets and quick-service restaurants). Regular surveys of food composition are proposed across geographies and over time using a pragmatic, standardized methodology. Surveys have already been undertaken in several high- and middle-income countries, and the trends have been valuable in informing policy approaches. The purpose of collecting data is not to exhaustively document the composition of all foods in the food supply in each country, but rather to provide information to support governments, industry and communities to develop and enact strategies to curb food-related NCDs.
Monitoring the price and affordability of foods and diets globally
(John Wiley & Sons, 2013) Lee, A.; Mhurchu, C.; Sanders, David; Sacks, G.; Swinburn, B.; Snowdon, W.; Vandevijvere, S.; Hawkes, Corinna; L’Abbé, M.; Rayner, M.; Barquera, S.; Friel, S.; Kelly, B.; Kumanyika, S.; Lobstein, T.; Ma, J.; Macmullan, J.; Mohan, S.; Monteiro, Carlos; Neal, B.; Walker, C.
Food prices and food affordability are important determinants of food choices, obesity and non-communicable diseases. As governments around the world consider policies to promote the consumption of healthier foods, data on the relative price and affordability of foods, with a particular focus on the difference between ‘less healthy’ and ‘healthy’ foods and diets, are urgently needed. This paper briefly reviews past and current approaches to monitoring food prices, and identifies key issues affecting the development of practical tools and methods for food price data collection, analysis and reporting. A step-wise monitoring framework, including measurement indicators, is proposed. ‘Minimal’ data collection will assess the differential price of ‘healthy’ and ‘less healthy’ foods; ‘expanded’ monitoring will assess the differential price of ‘healthy’ and ‘less healthy’ diets; and the ‘optimal’ approach will also monitor food affordability, by taking into account household income. The monitoring of the price and affordability of ‘healthy’ and ‘less healthy’ foods and diets globally will provide robust data and benchmarks to inform economic and fiscal policy responses. Given the range of methodological, cultural and logistical challenges in this area, it is imperative that all aspects of the proposed monitoring framework are tested rigorously before implementation.

Browsing by Author "Hawkes, Corinna"

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