School of Natural Medicine

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https://hdl.handle.net/10566/696

The School of Natural Medicine(SoNM), in the Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, offers professional training in four diciplines of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM), namely Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, Naturopathy, Phytotherapy and Unani-Tibb. The course work for all of these disciplines is a minimum of 5 years spread over two degree's.

Once qualified, SoNM graduates can request registration with the Allied Health Professions Council of South Africa (AHPCSA) as a Doctor within the scope of practice of each discipline (please note that all AHPCSA regulations need to be adhered too throught the study period for registration). Academics at SoNM are currently involved in a wide range of research activities, such as laboratory related medical science research as well as community and health related research. As our academics pioneer scholarship in these disciplines, the research portfolio is expected to grow significantly over the next few years with the aim to impact both medical science as well as health policies related to CAM in primary and public health fields.

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Browsing by Author "Henkel, Ralf"

Now showing 1 - 5 of 5
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    Effect of the metabolic syndrome on male reproductive function: a case-controlled pilot study
    (Wiley, 2014) Leisegang, Kristian; Bouic, Patrick J.D.; Henkel, Ralf
    The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of various risk factors. This study aimed to investigate the effect of MetS on testosterone and progesterone, and semen parameters, in a case-controlled pilot study. Male patients (n = 54) had body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and blood pressure recorded. Blood was analysed for HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose. Saliva was assayed for free testosterone and free progesterone. Ejaculates were analysed for volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, motility, vitality, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), DNA fragmentation and leucocyte concentration. Participants were divided into the control group (n = 28) and the MetS group (n = 26). Differences were found between the groups for body mass index, WHR, blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides and glucose. The MetS group showed significant reductions in sperm concentration (P = 0.0026), total sperm count (P = 0.0034), total motility (P = 0.0291), sperm vitality (P = 0.002), MMP (P = 0.0039), free testosterone (P = 0.0093) and free progesterone (P = 0.0130), while values for DNA fragmentation increased (P = 0.0287). Results indicate that patients with MetS have compromised sperm parameters in the absence of leucocytospermia. A reduction in free progesterone suggests that steroidogenesis cascades may be compromised. It is hypothesised that a systemic pro-inflammatory state with oxidative stress associated with MetS may provide a novel explanation.
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    The impact of male overweight on semen quality and outcome of assisted reproduction
    (Medknow Publications, 2014) Leisegang, Kristian; Henkel, Ralf
    The impact of obesity on male reproductive health remains a contested topic as evidence is inconclusive and inconsistent. Even more debatable is the effect of male obesity in assisted reproduction. In the manuscript, “the impact of male overweight on semen quality and outcome of assisted reproduction” published in Asian Journal of Andrology, Thomsen et al. investigated the effect of male obesity on fertilization outcomes in intrauterine insemination, in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) programs further contributes to the increasing body of evidence in this field.
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    The in vitro modulation of steroidogenesis by inflammatory cytokines and insulin in TM3 Leydig cells
    (BioMed Central, 2018) Leisegang, Kristian; Henkel, Ralf
    BACKGROUND: Cytokines and hormones, including insulin, are known to modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-testes axis and steroidogenesis, both centrally and peripherally. In the context of chronic inflammation and hyperinsulinaemia mediating male hypogonadism associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus, these mechanisms are poorly understood and the impact of cytokines and insulin on Leydig cell steroidogenesis has not been fully elicited. This study aimed to further investigate the in vitro impact of TNFα, IL1ß, IL6, IL8 and insulin on Leydig cell function and steroidogenesis. METHODS: hCG-stimulated TM3 Leydig cells were exposed to various concentrations of TNFα, IL1ß, IL6, IL8 (100 ng/ ml, 10 ng/ml, 1 ng/ml and 0.1 ng/ml) and insulin (10 ng/ml, 1 ng/ml, 0.1 ng/ml and 0.01 ng/ml) in optimal cell culture conditions over 48 h. Cell viability (XTT) and testosterone and progesterone concentrations (ELISA) were assessed using standardised laboratory techniques. RESULTS: TNFα significantly decreased cell viability and progesterone and testosterone concentrations in a dosedependent relationship. IL1ß and IL6 had a subtle but significant negative effect on cell viability and testosterone concentrations, with a marked significant decrease in progesterone concentration at all concentrations investigated. IL8 showed an increase in cell viability, with no significant effect on testosterone concentrations alongside a significant decrease in progesterone concentrations. Insulin significantly increased cell viability and testosterone concentrations in a dose dependent relationship, but interestingly significantly decreased progesterone concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: The inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL1β and IL6 cause a dose dependent decline in steroidogenesis in TM3 Leydig cells. These results suggest that chronic inflammation may downregulate steroidogenesis in males via direct modulation of Leydig cell function. However, IL8 may stimulate TM3 Leydig cell growth. Insulin is associated with a dose-dependent increase in testosterone synthesis, with a significant decline in progesterone synthesis. With the phenomenon of insulin resistance, the literature is unclear on the potential role of hyperinsulinaemia in steroidogenesis. Further studies are warranted in order to fully elicit the molecular mechanisms and interactions of these molecules on male steroidogenesis.
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    Obesity is associated with increased seminal insulin and leptin alongside reduced fertility parameters in a controlled male cohort
    (BioMed Central, 2014) Leisegang, Kristian; Menkveld, Roelof; Bouic, Patrick J.D.; Henkel, Ralf
    Obesity appears to be associated with male reproductive dysfunction and infertility, although this has been inconsistent and inconclusive. Insulin and leptin are known mediators and modulators of the hypothalamus-pituitary-testes axis, contributing to the regulation of male reproductive potential and overall wellbeing. These hormones are also present in semen influencing sperm functions. Although abdominal obesity is closely associated with insulin resistance (hyperinsulinaemia), hyperleptinaemia and glucose dysfunction, changes in seminal plasma concentrations of insulin, leptin and glucose in obese males has not previously been investigated.
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    Tongkat Ali as a Potential Herbal Supplement for Physically Active Male and Female Seniors—A Pilot Study
    (John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2013) Henkel, Ralf; Wang, Ruxiang; Bassett, Susan; Chen, Tao; Liu, Na; Zhu, Ying; Tambi, Mohd
    Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia; TA) is known to increase testosterone levels and alleviate aging males’ symptoms. This study aimed at investigating TA as an ergogenic supplement for elderly people. Thirteen physically active male and 12 physically active female seniors (57–72 years) were supplemented with 400-mg TA extract daily for 5 weeks. Standard hematological parameters were taken. In addition, the concentrations of total and free testosterone, dihydroepiandrosterone, cortisol, insulin-like growth factor-1, and sex hormone-binding globulin were analyzed. As additional biochemical parameters, blood urea nitrogen and creatine kinase as parameters of kidney function and muscle damage, respectively, as well as the muscle strength by a simple handgrip test were determined. After treatment, hemoglobin, testosterone, and dihydroepiandrosterone concentrations, and the ratio of total testosterone/cortisol and muscle force remained significantly lower in female seniors than in male seniors. Hematocrit and erythrocyte count in male seniors increased slightly but were significantly higher than in female seniors. Treatment resulted in significant increases in total and free testosterone concentrations and muscular force in men and women. The increase in free testosterone in women is thought to be due to the significant decline in sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations. The study affirms the ergogenic benefit of TA through enhanced muscle strength