The global, regional, and national burden attributable to low bone mineral density, 1990–2020: an analysis of a modifiable risk factor from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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dc.contributor.authorOkonji, Osaretin
dc.contributor.authorHsieh, Evelyn
dc.contributor.authorBryazka, Dana
dc.date.accessioned2026-01-20T10:34:09Z
dc.date.available2026-01-20T10:34:09Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstractFractures related to osteoporosis and low bone mineral density lead to substantial morbidity, mortality, and cost to individuals and health systems. Here we present the most up-to-date global, regional, and national estimates of the contribution of low bone mineral density to the burden of fractures from falls and additional categories of injuries from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021. The burden of low bone mineral density was estimated from 1990 to 2020 in terms of years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and deaths, for individuals aged 40 years and older, using data from population-based studies from 48 countries or territories (169 unique sources). Mean standardised femoral neck bone mineral density values were estimated by GBD location, age, and sex by meta-regression. Based on a separate meta-analysis of population-based studies from nine countries (12 unique sources), we also estimated the pooled relative risk of fractures per unit decrease in bone mineral density (g/cm²). The population-attributable fraction for low bone mineral density was calculated by comparing the observed distributions of standardised femoral neck bone mineral density to an age-specific and sex-specific counterfactual distribution, defined as the 99th percentile of five rounds of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in the USA, by 5-year age group and sex. Hospital and emergency department data were used to derive the incidence of fractures for six categories of injury (road injuries, other transport injuries, falls, non-venomous animal contact, exposure to mechanical forces, and physical interpersonal violence) using ICD codes. Deaths due to fractures were estimated as the proportion of in hospital deaths due to the specified injury causes for which a fracture (nature of injury code) was more severe than the cause of injury code. YLDs and DALYs attributable to low bone mineral density by cause of injury were also determined according to previous GBD methods.
dc.identifier.citationTao, Meihui et al. “Global, Regional, and National Burden of Disease Attributable to a Diet Low in Milk, 1990–2021: An Updated Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.” Journal of dairy science 108.5 (2025): 4558–4572. Web.
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/S2665-9913(25)00105-5
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10566/21776
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier Ltd
dc.subjectRoad injuries
dc.subjectGlobal burden of disease
dc.subjectMortality
dc.subjectLow bone mineral density
dc.subjectDisability
dc.titleThe global, regional, and national burden attributable to low bone mineral density, 1990–2020: an analysis of a modifiable risk factor from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
dc.typeArticle

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