The Three Hundred project: gas properties outside of galaxy clusters with the WHIM contribution and detection
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Date
2025
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Publisher
EDP Sciences
Abstract
We investigate the physical properties and detectability of warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) gas with temperatures in the range 105 < T < 107 K around galaxy clusters using simulated galaxy clusters from THE THREE HUNDRED project. From our simulations with different input physics (GIZMO-SIMBA and GADGET-X), we consistently found that the median gas temperature, as a function of the radial distance from cluster centres, decreases to the WHIM upper bound, ∼107 K, at ∼2 × R200c. Meanwhile, the WHIM mass fraction increases with radius until ∼3 × R200c, where it plateaus slightly above 70% for both simulations at all investigated redshifts. By simulating X-ray emissions from all gas components, we found that the WHIM contribution at the soft X-ray band (0.2–2.3 keV) also increases with radius but eventually plateaus at larger distances. The differences between the two simulations become more pronounced at higher redshifts and larger radii, indicating that the WHIM observation can be used to constrain baryon models. After accounting for observational effects, primarily by removing (sub)halos, we predict that the signal-to-noise ratio of the X-ray signal obtained by stacking the eRASS1 galaxy cluster catalogue will be ∼6.4 for GIZMO-SIMBA and ∼20.8 for GADGET-X.
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Keywords
X-Rays, Galaxies: Clusters, Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium, THE THREE HUNDRED project, X-ray emissions
Citation
Li, R., Cui, W., Liu, A., Wang, H., Srivastava, A., Dave, R. and Pearce, F.R., 2025. THE THREE HUNDRED project: Gas properties outside of galaxy clusters with the WHIM contribution and detection. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 701, p.A37.