Levels of inflammatory mediators associated with periodontitis in preeclampsia

Abstract

Background: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease triggered by bacterial infection, which can lead to the destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues, including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. If untreated, it can result in tooth mobility, impaired chewing function, and eventual tooth loss. Beyond the oral cavity, periodontitis can act as a persistent source of infection and inflammation, contributing to systemic inflammation that may increase the risk of pregnancy complications. Preeclampsia (PE) is a complex multisystem disorder affecting both maternal and foetal health. It continues to be a major contributor to maternal and perinatal illness and death. particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Growing evidence suggests a possible link between maternal periodontitis and the development of PE, likely mediated through inflammatory pathways. However, most existing studies have been conducted in high-income settings. In South Africa, where both periodontitis and PE are prevalent, there is an urgent need for local, context-specific research to better understand this relationship and inform preventive healthcare strategies. Aim: To determine whether there is an association between periodontitis, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and PE among pregnant women in the Western Cape, South Africa.