Cathodically-activated boron-doped diamond electrode reactor for sensing and analysis of environmental tenofovir and emtricitabine from combination antiretroviral therapy drugs
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Date
2025
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Elsevier Ltd
Abstract
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC), sold under the brand name Truvada®, are amongst the highly prescribed combination antiretroviral therapy (c-ART) for the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS. Herein, for the first time, a simple, selective and rapid electroanalytical approach for the simultaneous co-determination of TDF and FTC on a non-chemically modified boron-doped diamond electrode (BDD) is described. The surface chemistry of the electrode was modified by cathodic pretreatment (CPT) in H2SO4 to generate a CPT-BDD. On a CPT-BDD, TDF and FTC exhibit irreversible oxidation peaks at higher potentials of +1.4 V and +1.65 V, respectively. Comparatively, the voltammetric signal of FTC was not visible on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was able to spatially separate the oxidation peaks of both analytes, and the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0218 µM and 0.0886 µM were obtained for TDF and FTC, respectively, in the concentration range of 0.1 – 50 µM. The electrochemistry of TDF is pH-dependent, while that of FTC is not at pH>2. Moreover, the signals of TDF and FTC were not affected by the presence of interfering compounds, except for mercury (Hg2+) and lamivudine (3TC). The practicability of this electroanalytical approach was demonstrated by analyzing TDF and FTC in synthetic urine, pharmaceutical formulation and wastewater samples without prior sample pretreatment. The achieved recovery percentages of 93.6 % to 105.7 % demonstrate the practicability of this analytical method in simultaneously monitoring TDF and FTC in real samples
Description
Keywords
Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Drugs, Simultaneous Detection, Tenofovir, Voltammetric Sensors, Wastewater
Citation
Mokwebo, K.V., Sanga, N.A., Mini, S., Cox, M., Ross, N., Douman, S.F. and Iwuoha, E.I., 2025. Cathodically-Activated Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode Reactor for Sensing and Analysis of Environmental Tenofovir and Emtricitabine from Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Drugs. Electrochimica Acta, p.147078.