The relationships between two different drinking water fluoride levels, dental fluorosis and bone mineral density of children

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dc.contributor.authorGrobler, Sias Renier
dc.contributor.authorLouw, Adrian
dc.contributor.authorChikte, Usuf
dc.contributor.authorRossouw, Roelof
dc.contributor.authorvan Wyk Kotze, Theuns
dc.date.accessioned2012-08-24T13:59:10Z
dc.date.available2012-08-24T13:59:10Z
dc.date.issued2009
dc.description.abstractThis field study included the whole population of children aged 10–15 years (77 from a 0.19 mg/L F area; 89 from a 3.00 mg/L F area), with similar nutritional, dietary habits and similar ethnic and socioeconomic status. The fluoride concentration in the drinking water, the bone mineral content, the bone density and the degree of dental fluorosis were determined. The left radius was measured for bone width, bone mineral content, and bone mineral density. The mean fluorosis score was 1.3 in the low fluoride area and 3,6 in the high fluoride area. More than half the children in the low fluoride area had no fluorosis (scores 0 and 1) while only 5% in the high fluoride area had none. Severe fluorosis (30%) was only observed in the high fluoride area. The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test indicated that fluorosis levels differed significantly (p < 0.05) between the two areas. No relationships were found between dental fluorosis and bone width or between fluorosis and bone mineral density in the two areas (Spearment Rank correlations). A significant increase in bone width was found with age but no differences amongst and boys and girls. A significant positive correlation was found in the high fluoride area between bone mineral density over age. In the 12-13 and 13-14 year age groups in the high fluoride area, girls had higher bone mineral densities. However, a significant negative correlation (p<0.02) was found for the low fluoride area (0.19 mg/L F) over age.en_US
dc.identifier.citationGrobler, S.R.; Louw, A.J.; Chikte, U.M.E.; Rossouw R.J. & Kotze, T.J. (2009).The relationships between two different drinking water fluoride levels,dental fluorosis and bone mineral density of children. The Open Dentistry Journal, 3:48-54en_US
dc.identifier.issn1874-2106
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10566/404
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.privacy.showsubmittertrue
dc.publisherBentham Science Publishersen_US
dc.rights© 2009 Grobler et al; licensee Bentham Open Journals. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
dc.source.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210600903010048
dc.status.ispeerreviewedtrue
dc.subjectDrinking wateren_US
dc.subjectDental fluorosisen_US
dc.subjectFluoride level
dc.subjectBone density
dc.subjectBone mineral content
dc.titleThe relationships between two different drinking water fluoride levels, dental fluorosis and bone mineral density of childrenen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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