The in vitro neuroprotective properties of Galenia Africana a parkinson’s disease model

Abstract

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, characterised by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons projecting from the substantia nigra pars compacta to the striatum of the basal ganglia. The precise pathogenic mechanisms resulting in a selective decrease in dopaminergic neurons are not yet evident. However, several findings propose that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction may play a key role. Dopaminergic neurons are particularly sensitive to oxidative stress caused by factors such as dopamine auto-oxidation, high iron, and low glutathione content. Oxidative stress, mediated by reactive oxygen species, can be generated through cell or membrane disruption, excess free transition metals, and various other factors. These processes can lead to the degradation of biomolecules such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. There are currently few alternatives for treating Parkinson's disease, as most medications available target symptom relief rather than slowing down the course of the disease. As a result, utilising natural substances and products as possible neuroprotective agents is growing. These neuroprotective therapies are thought to interfere at specific points in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease to inhibit potential causes of dopaminergic neuronal death, including inflammation, autophagy, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and disruptions of calcium homeostasis. Hence, by focusing on these processes or intracellular signalling cascades that contribute to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, developing new preventive approaches for the disease may arise. Throughout history, plants and other herbal mixtures have been used as medicines for severalailments. Flavonoids are naturally occurring polyphenolic substances in various fruits, vegetables, and seeds. These substances exhibit a range of pharmacological properties, including neuroprotective, anti-tumour, and anti-oxidative properties. Identifying chemicals from Galenia africana (G. africana), also known as Kraalbos (KB), and their potential neuroprotective benefits are the main goals of the current study.