Leukocytospermia and/or bacteriospermia: impact on male infertility

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dc.contributor.authorHenkel, Ralf
dc.date.accessioned2025-01-21T08:06:30Z
dc.date.available2025-01-21T08:06:30Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.description.abstractInfertility is a globally underestimated public health concern affecting almost 190 million people, i.e., about 17.5% of people during their lifetime, while the prevalence of male factor infertility is about 7%. Among numerous other causes, the prevalence of male genital tract infections reportedly ranges between 10% and 35%. Leukocytospermia is found in 30% of infertile men and up to 20% in fertile men. Bacterial infections cause an inflammatory response attracting leukocytes, which produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and release cytokines, both of which can cause damage to sperm, rendering them dysfunctional. Although leukocytospermia and bacteriospermia are both clinical conditions that can negatively affect male fertility, there is still debate about their impact on assisted reproduction outcomes and management. According to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, leukocytes should be determined by means of the Endtz test or with monoclonal antibodies against CD15, CD68 or CD22. The cut-off value proposed by the WHO is 1 × 106 peroxidase-positive cells/mL. For bacteria, Gram staining and semen culture are regarded as the “gold standard”, while modern techniques such as PCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS) are allowing clinicians to detect a wider range of pathogens
dc.identifier.citationHenkel, R., 2024. Leukocytospermia and/or Bacteriospermia: Impact on Male Infertility. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(10), p.2841.
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13102841
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10566/19843
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
dc.subjectbacteriospermia
dc.subjectEndtz test
dc.subjectleukocytospermia
dc.subjectnext-generation sequencing
dc.subjectoxidative stress
dc.titleLeukocytospermia and/or bacteriospermia: impact on male infertility
dc.typeArticle

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