Balancing yields and sustainability: an eco-friendly approach to losartan synthesis using green palladium nanoparticles

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dc.contributor.authorAntunes, Edith M.
dc.contributor.authorAdegoke, Yusuf Adeyemi
dc.contributor.authorMgwigwi, Sinazo
dc.contributor.authorMalan, Sarel F.
dc.contributor.authorBeukes, Denzil R.
dc.date.accessioned2026-01-23T10:44:48Z
dc.date.available2026-01-23T10:44:48Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstractThis study presents a sustainable, environmentally friendly synthetic route for the production of key intermediates in losartan using palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) derived from a brown seaweed, Sargassum incisifolium, as a recyclable nanocatalyst. A key intermediate, biaryl, was synthesized with an excellent yield (98%) via Suzuki–Miyaura coupling between 2-bromobenzonitrile and 4-methylphenylboronic acid, catalyzed using bio-derived PdNPs under mild conditions. Subsequent bromination using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) under LED light, followed by imidazole coupling and tetrazole ring formation, allowed for the production of losartan with an overall yield of 27%. The PdNP catalyst exhibited high stability and recyclability, as well as strong catalytic activity, even at lower loadings, and nitrosamine formation was not detected. While the overall yield was lower than that of traditional industrial methods, this was due to the deliberate avoidance of the use of toxic reagents, hazardous solvents, and protection/deprotection steps commonly used in conventional routes. This trade-off marks a shift in pharmaceutical process development, where environmental and safety considerations are increasingly prioritized in line with green chemistry and regulatory frameworks. This study provides a foundation for green scaling up strategies, incorporating sustainability principles into drug synthesis.
dc.identifier.citationPadmanabhanunni, A. and Pretorius, T.B., 2024. Alcohol Use in First Responders in South Africa: Psychological Distress Factors Related to Harmful Drinking and Alcohol Dependence.
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30112314
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10566/21818
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
dc.subjectGreen chemistry
dc.subjectLosartan synthesis
dc.subjectPalladium nanoparticles
dc.subjectSargassum incisifolium
dc.subjectSuzuki–Miyaura coupling
dc.titleBalancing yields and sustainability: an eco-friendly approach to losartan synthesis using green palladium nanoparticles
dc.typeArticle

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