Browsing by Author "Munguambe, Clinarete Victoria Luis"

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    Nationalism and exile in an age of solidarity: Frelimo�ZANU relations in Mozambique (1975�1980)
    (Taylor & Francis, 2017) Munguambe, Clinarete Victoria Luis
    This article contributes to our knowledge on the intricate relations between host governments and liberation movements and on the workings of transnational military partnerships in the anticolonial struggles of the 1970s, through an examination of the political and military relationship between Mozambique�s Frelimo (host) and Zimbabwe�s ZANU liberation movement. There is a dearth of critical perspectives on the nature of host�liberation movement relations, more so from the point of view of hosts. The article begins to shed light on un-researched Frelimo evaluations of its relationship with ZANU. I utilise the perspectives of Mozambican political elites and non-elites to argue that Frelimo�s support for ZANU was partly motivated by feelings of genuine solidarity. Frelimo�ZANU relations were frosty at first because Frelimo regarded ZANU as an inauthentic liberation movement. ZANU won Frelimo over by demonstrating cogent commitment to armed struggle. However, improved Frelimo�ZANU relations were characterised by disagreements over guerrilla tactics, ZANU guerrillas� objections to Frelimo soldiers� relationships with Zimbabwean women at the warfront, and the unpragmatic approaches of some ZANU elements towards the possibility of a negotiated independence for Zimbabwe. In addition to Frelimo�s backing, ZANU received support from ordinary Mozambican citizens, particularly those who lived in areas along the Rhodesia�Mozambique border. The support of Mozambican citizens for ZANU was encouraged by Frelimo�s revolutionary ideology and by the common ancestry, language and culture of Mozambicans and Zimbabweans living in the border zones. The case of Frelimo and ZANU underlines the point that hosts� influence on liberation movements� internal politics must be seen as limited by the interests and agency of liberation movements themselves. But Frelimo held decisive authority on the right to withdraw support on its territory, which it used as an inducement on ZANU to agree a negotiated independence settlement in 1979.
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    Solidarity and the struggle for Zimbabwe: Zimbabwean African National Union (ZANU) in Mozambique (1975-1980) Clinarete
    (University of the Western Cape, 2017) Munguambe, Clinarete Victoria Luis; Israel, Paolo
    This dissertation examines the relationships of solidarity that developed between the Mozambican people and the Zimbabwean liberation movement ZANU, between 1975 and 1980, considering them in their multifarious aspects and attempting to understand the dynamics at work. Scholars have not paid sufficient attention to Mozambique's role as the host country of the Zimbabwean liberation movement. This dissertation is intended to fill this gap in the literature, by engaging critically with the history of ZANU-Mozambique relations, seen from the perspective of the Mozambicans themselves. My argument is that Mozambican support to ZANU was marked by a spirit of mutual cooperation and brotherhood between people who shared a similar historical and cultural background, which is a major factor behind the support offered by Mozambican people to ZANU. But, this solidarity was also the consequence of an authoritarian effort by the Mozambican ruling party, FRELIMO. to impose a specific political and ideological consciousness. This consciousness was shaped through the creation of legal instruments to ensure popular support such as the creation of the Solidarity Bank in 1976; by the use of an authoritarian discourse which relied on a 'vocabulary of ready-made ideas'1; and by the use of such methods as the cartoon figure, Xiconhoca, stigmatising all those who did not support solidarity with ZANU as traitors or sell-outs.