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Browsing by Author "Kanyerere, Thokozani"

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Analysis of the fragmented legal regime pertaining to rehabilitation measures for wetlands: A South African perspective – part 1
(WIT Press, 2022) Lemine, Bramley Jemain; Kanyerere, Thokozani
Wetlands are disappearing and it is an international dilemma. Many efforts have been made to ensure its protection and conservation, including rehabilitation. Rehabilitation measures have been adopted in policies of various jurisdictions. In South Africa, the wetlands legislative framework is fragmented. It was submitted that a wetlands policy is in the pipeline for South Africa. As opposed to the research on the general protection of this resources, Part 1 of this research aimed, by way of a documentary analysis of the legislative wetland framework, journal articles, books and case law, to provide what the extent of the fragmentation, specifically, rehabilitation measures were, as well as the effect thereof. Part 2 of this research explicitly focused on rehabilitation measures taken by three other jurisdictions, as well as a design for such in South Africa’s envisaged policy.
Applicability of big data analytics to support groundwater management in Southern Africa
(University of the Western Cape, 2022) Gaffoor, Zaheed; Kanyerere, Thokozani
Groundwater is a vital resources for member states in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). However, sustainable managing groundwater resources in SADC is a challenge. Amongst the many issues facing groundwater managers in SADC, limited access to high fidelity data, as well as a poor understanding of the techniques needed to transform the data into information, has hampered the decision making process. Big data relates to large, voluminous and heterogenous datasets which are being generated through numerous activities, such as computer simulations, remote sensing, commercial transactions, internet activity, monitoring networks, IoT sensors, historical documents, social media and many others.
Application of multi‑method approach to assess groundwater–surface water interactions, for catchment management
(Springer, 2018) Madlala, T.; Kanyerere, Thokozani; Oberholster, P.; Xu, Y.
Globally, the dependence of river systems to delayed discharge of subsurface water to augment flows during dry seasons is well documented. Discharge of fresh subsurface water can dilute concentrated river flow quality during reduced flow. Observed and reported results on the Berg River’s declining water quantity and quality are a concern to the regions socio-economic growth and environmental integrity. Understanding the role of subsurface water discharges on the quantity and quality of receiving surface water courses can improve their management during dry periods. A case study was designed and implemented in the upper Berg River catchment in the Western Cape Province of South Africa to assess the influence of groundwater–surface water interaction on water quantity and quality. This study aimed to quantify and characterize the quality of subsurface water available in the upper catchment to improve observed declining water quality downstream. Hydrograph separation provided estimates of water fluxes during 2012–2014 low and high flow periods, while hydrochemical analysis provided insights on impacts of major land use activity in this catchment on water resources. Hydrograph separation analysis indicated that the Berg River is 37.9% dependent on subsurface water discharges annually. Dominant Na–Cl-type water indicates the quality of water from the upper Berg River is largely affected by natural processes including short residence times of aquifer water, rock–water interactions and atmospheric deposition of NaCl ions. These results provide insights for suggesting management options to be implemented to protect subsurface water for continued dilution and water resources management in the lower catchments.
Application of the standardised streamflow index for hydrological drought monitoring in the Western Cape Province, South Africa: a case study in the Berg River catchment.
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2023) Mukhawana, Mxolisi Blessing; Kanyerere, Thokozani; Kahler, David
In many regions around the world, drought has been recurrent, more frequent, and more intense over time. Hence, scientific research on drought monitoring has become more urgent in recent years. The aim of this study was to test the applicability of the Standardised Streamflow Index (SSI) for hydrological drought monitoring in the Berg River catchment (BRC), Western Cape (WC) province, South Africa (SA). Using various methods described in this study, the sensitivity of the SSI to the commonly used Gamma, Log-normal, Log-logistic, Pearson Type III, and Weibull Probability Distribution Functions (PDFs) was tested. This study has found that all the tested PDFs produced comparable results for mild to severe drought conditions. The SSI calculated using the Gamma, Log-Normal, and Weibull PDFs is recommended for the BRC because it consistently identified extreme drought conditions during the 1990–2022 study period and identified the 2015–2018 droughts as the worst during the study period. Although more studies are required to test other PDFs not considered, this study has shown that the SSI can be applicable in the BRC. This study has provided a foundation for more research on the application of the SSI in the BRC and other catchments in SA.
Assessing hydrogeological characteristics to establish influence of aquifer-river interaction in non-perennial river systems, Heuningnes catchment
(University of the Western Cape, 2019) Banda, Vincent Santos Dzulani; Mengistu, Haile; Kanyerere, Thokozani
Over half of total flows in the global river network are composed of non-perennial rivers. This indicates the importance of non-perennial river systems in supporting the biodiversity. It has been established that groundwater is one of the elements that control the flow regimes and classification (whether perennial or not) of a river system. However, the use of hydrogeological characteristics to establish the influence of groundwater on non-perennial river systems remain to be widely unpublished. This study, therefore, intends to conceptualize and explain the role of hydrogeological characteristics in non-perennial rivers, using the Heuningnes catchment in the Western Cape Province of South Africa as a case study. The study has argued that thorough characterization of aquifers is essential in order to adequately establish the extent of aquifer-river connectivity and how groundwater influences flows and chemical loading in non-perennial river systems. The study has three objectives namely: (i) to determine the aquifer characteristics (ii) to characterise the aquifer-river interaction and (iii) to conceptualize the groundwater flow system. Records review, field, analytical and laboratory-based methods were used to collect and interpret geological, groundwater level, pumping test, hydro-chemical and environmental stable isotopic data in order to characterise groundwater occurrence, flow system and its interaction with the rivers of the study area. Water samples were taken from groundwater, surface water and rainfall during both dry and wet periods. Results show that the study area has a topography-controlled water table with shallow depth to groundwater levels ranging on average from 3 - 10 m, which result into largely a local groundwater flow system. Transmissivity values determined from constant rate pumping test range between 0.17 and 1.74 m2/day. Results exhibit that the low transmissivity values are associated with the weathered nature of the Table Mountain sandstone and the unfractured Bokkeveld shale formations. Hydrochemical data results indicate that both groundwater and river samples in the upstream part of the study area are characterised as fresh water with TDS values of less than 1000 mg/l while the downstream part has saline waters with TDS ranging from 2000 – 35000 mg/l. Results also show that Na-Cl is the dominant water composition for both groundwater and river water. The order of major ion dominance is similar for the two water sources, with concentration ranges from high to low in the order of Na+>Mg2+>Ca2+>K+ and Cl->SO42->HCO3- for cations and anions respectively. The similar patterns and trends in salinity and major ion data suggest the connectivity between the aquifer and the river. Environmental stable isotope data indicate river samples in upstream areas having depleted δ18O (-4.3 to -5.12‰) and δ2H (-22.9 to -19.3‰) signatures similar to groundwater indicating a stable and continuous groundwater contribution to the river flows. Meanwhile, high evaporative enrichment of δ18O (1.13 to 7.08‰) and δ2H (38.8 to 7.5‰) is conceived in river samples from downstream areas. Ionic ratios and isotope-salinity relationships suggest that groundwater chemistry is derived from sea sprays, evaporation and dissolution of Bokkeveld shale host rock. Geological, hydrogeological, hydrochemical and environmental stable isotope data were used to develop a conceptual hydrogeological model which explains the role of groundwater in non-perennial river systems. Results indicate that the North East – South West fault on the north-eastern part of the study area seem to act as a conduit to groundwater flow thereby supplying water to the upstream rivers while the East -West fault in the northern part seem to act as a barrier to groundwater flow resulting into a hydraulic discontinuity between upstream and downstream areas. Meanwhile, the relatively low conductive formation in the downstream areas coupled with a relatively low hydraulic gradient (0.000843) suggests there is slow Darcian groundwater flows resulting in less flushing and high salinization of groundwater. Eventually, in the downstream part of the study area there is slow and minimal groundwater discharge to the rivers resulting into groundwater failing to maintain the river flows and pools. In general, rivers of the study area largely gain water from groundwater although the amount of groundwater discharge varies from one river segment to another in both upstream and downstream parts. The conceptual model has led to the development of a proposed optimum management of non-perennial rivers including the effects of groundwater abstraction on the river flows.
Assessing hydrogeology of springs in Heuningnes Catchment in South Africa
(University of the Western Cape, 2022) Finini, Paula; Kanyerere, Thokozani
Springs have been a significant source of water for flora and fauna since the beginning of human history and, in some circumstances, the only source capable of supplying enough water to sustain domestic and agricultural water supplies. Research that expands our understanding of the potential and limitations of these resources has not focused much on springs that are located outside of karst environments. Groundwater discharge is part of the interaction that makes groundwater visible and sustains ecosystems. Groundwater discharges in rivers, springs, and wetlands forms groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs). GDEs are often complex, and poorly understood component of the natural environment.
Assessing hydrogeology of springs in Heuningnes Catchment in South Africa
(University of the Western Cape, 2021) Finini, Paula; Kanyerere, Thokozani
Springs have been a significant source of water for flora and fauna since the beginning of human history and, in some circumstances, the only source capable of supplying enough water to sustain domestic and agricultural water supplies. Research that expands our understanding of the potential and limitations of these resources has not focused much on springs that are located outside of karst environments. Groundwater discharge is part of the interaction that makes groundwater visible and sustains ecosystems. Groundwater discharges in rivers, springs, and wetlands forms groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs). GDEs are often complex, and poorly understood component of the natural environment. For example, identifying actual spots for spring discharges and validating previously mapped springs remains a challenge; hence, the focus of the current study, which, argues that if spring hydrogeology is not characterized first, then the influence of such springs on the environment and human needs cannot inform their action. This study aimed at providing improved knowledge and understanding of spring hydrogeology. Heuningnes catchment in South Africa was used as a case study. Three specific objectives were set as follows: 1] spring hydrogeology was characterized where new springs were identified, and old springs were validated/crosschecked. A springs map was produced and overlaid on a conceptual model of groundwater flow to describe subsurface conditions for spring occurrence; 2] Flow dynamics of springs were determined where spring flows were measured to estimate discharge rate; 3] the hydrogeochemistry of springs was assessed with hydrogeochemical processes responsible for temporal and spatial changes in the quality of spring waters were established for suitability of water for use by the environment and people. Results showed that the validated springs existed in upland, middle, and lowland within the study catchment. Most springs were associated with Table Mountain Group and Bokkeveld formations with fractures, lithological contacts, and faults that influenced the main flow paths for springs.
Assessing river-aquifer interaction for sustained water abstraction, Lower Vaal Catchment, South Africa
(University of the Western Cape, 2022) Baloyi, Lucky; Kanyerere, Thokozani
Several methods are available in the literature for the estimations of river-aquifer interactions. However, the selection of which depends on available data, local geographic and topographic conditions, the spatial and temporal scale required, and the reliability of results obtained by different methods. This study was caried out to assess the river-aquifer interaction for sustained water abstraction using the Lower Vaal River catchment as an example. The study aimed to improve knowledge and understanding of using multi-methods for the assessment of river-aquifer interactions. To achieve this, the study had three objectives namely, 1.) to investigate areas where river recharge aquifers exist (focussed recharge area), 2.) to determine areas where aquifer recharge river exist (aquifer discharge areas), and 3.) to develop a conceptual model of the groundwater process that explains interactions.
Assessing the influence of groundwater recharge mechanism on non-perennial river systems, Tankwa Karoo, South Africa
(University of the Western Cape, 2019) Mqondeki, Phumlani; Kanyerere, Thokozani
In South Africa and neighbouring countries such as Zimbabwe, Botswana, Angola, and Namibia, most river systems are non-perennial due to semi-arid or arid climatic characteristics. In such river systems, the interaction between groundwater and surface water is of significance in terms of developing appropriate methods for determining ecological water requirements among others. However, the interaction is not well understood in terms of the influence on the volume and quality of water on the gaining and losing water bodies. In past research, the importance of non-perennial rivers (NPRS) was neglected because these river systems were considered as systems of low ecological importance and economic value. However, an improved understanding of these systems illustrated that they provide habitat for diverse and unique flora and fauna. Therefore, the main research question that was posed for the study was what is the influence of river-aquifer interactions in non-perennial river systems in the semi-arid environment? The central argument was that unless we assess the interaction between surface water and groundwater in NPRS, we cannot improve on understanding of the role of groundwater on the NPRS. The aim of the study was therefore, to assess surface water-groundwater (river-aquifer) interactions in non-perennial river systems to provide an insight regarding how these water resources interact in semi-arid environments. To achieve the aim, three specific objectives were formulated, namely, to establish the groundwater contribution to the river system, to investigate the role of the river in recharging the underlying aquifer, and to develop a regional hydrogeological conceptual model of recharge mechanisms. To achieve the objectives of the study, samples were collected from boreholes, a dug well, springs, surface water and cumulative rainfall collectors during the summer and winter seasons. The samples were analysed for hydrochemistry and stable isotopic signatures (δ2H and δ18O). The intention was to identify where and when do river-aquifer interactions occur in the study area. Secondary data from records review and field data from hydrometric methods, ERT geophysical surveys and tracer techniques were also used to address the third objective.
Assessing the role of water resources protection practice for sustainable water resources management: A review
(MDPI, 2022) Makanda, Koleka; Nzama, Stanley; Kanyerere, Thokozani
Water resource protection is central to sustainable water supply management for human wellbeing and for the ecological ecosystem to flourish. This review paper focuses on highlighting the role of groundwater and surface water protection practice to improve their sustainable utilization in South Africa. Using an integrative approach, this paper initially reflects on the history of water resources utilization, and it examines what is understood by the term “water resources protection”. This review paper then continues by providing an analysis of the current practice at global and local levels. The study found evidence of water resource utilization in the ancient times with limited challenges despite unavailability of regulation mechanisms. However, in recent times water resource availability challenges linked to water availability and water quality deterioration are evident globally despite having policies and regulation in place.
Assessment of catchment scale groundwater-surface water interaction in a non-perennial river system, heuningnes catchment, South Africa
(Scientific African, 2023) Banda, Vincent Dzulani; Mengistu, Haile; Kanyerere, Thokozani
A significant proportion of the world's river networks are non-perennial rivers that are characterized by segments of dry, standing, and flowing water. However, the role of groundwater and the controlling elements governing the flow processes in these rivers is not widely documented. In this study, aquifer-river interaction was assessed using a combo of geological, hydrological, environmental stable isotope, and hydrochemical data in the Heuningnes catchment, South Africa. Results showed the depth to groundwater levels ranging from 3 to 10 m below ground level and aquifer transmissivity values of 0.17 to 1.74 m2/day. The analytical data indicated that Na-Cl type water dominates most groundwater and river water samples. Environmental stable isotope data of river samples in upstream areas showed depleted δ18O (-4.3 to -5.12 ‰) and δ2H (-22.9 to -19.3 ‰) signatures similar to the groundwater data, indicating a continuous influx of groundwater into the river water. Conversely, high evaporative enrichment of δ18O (1.13 to 7.08 ‰) and δ2H (38.8 to 7.5 ‰) were evident in downstream river samples. It is evident from the local geological structures that the fault in the north-eastern part of the study area passing Boskloof most likely acts as a conduit to groundwater flow in the NE-SW direction thereby supplying water to upstream river flow, while the Bredasdorpberge fault likely impedes groundwater flow resulting in hydraulic discontinuity between upstream and downstream areas. Relatively low conductive formation coupled with an average hydraulic gradient of 8.4 × 10−4 suggests a slow flow rate resulting in less flushing and high salinization of groundwater in downstream areas. The results underscore the significance of using various data sets in understanding groundwater-river interaction thereby providing a relevant water management platform for managing non-perennial river systems in water-stressed regions. Overall, the study provides important insights into the need for maintaining moderately high groundwater levels in shallow and local groundwater systems for sustaining the ecological integrity of non-perennial rivers.
Assessment of concentration levels of contaminants in groundwater of the Soutpansberg region, Limpopo Province, South Africa
(MDPI, 2022) Lalumbe, Lindelani; Kanyerere, Thokozani
Groundwater contributions towards improved food security and human health depend on the level of contaminants in groundwater resources. Many people in rural areas use groundwater for drinking purposes without treatment and knowledge of contaminant levels in such waters, owing to parachute research in which research outputs are not shared with communities. This study argues that parachute research exposes groundwater users to health hazards and threatens the food security of communities. Concentration levels of contaminants were measured to ascertain suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes. A total of 124 groundwater quality samples from 12 boreholes and 2 springs with physiochemical data from 1995 to 2017 were assessed. This study found high concentration levels of contaminants, such as F􀀀, NO3 􀀀, Cl􀀀, and total dissolved solids, in certain parts of the studied area. In general, groundwater was deemed suitable for drinking purposes in most parts of the studied area.
Assessment of groundwater level fluctuation trends in Grootfontein dolomite Aquifer, North West Province, South Africa
(University of the Western Cape, 2022) Rananga, Thomas Hulisani; Kanyerere, Thokozani
Groundwater level decline is a problem experienced in aquifers with more than one groundwater user such as the Grootfontein dolomite aquifer in the North West Province of South Africa. This study assessed groundwater level fluctuation trends for monitoring boreholes within municipal and irrigation groundwater abstraction areas. The study also determined the influence of rainfall and municipal groundwater abstraction as the dominant factors responsible for groundwater level fluctuation in the area. The study further recommended possible interventions for declining groundwater levels within the Grootfontein dolomite aquifer study area. Analysis of groundwater level fluctuation trend was conducted from 1980 to 2020 using Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope statistical tests. The results showed that groundwater levels in the study area had a declining trend. Spearman rank correlation was used to determine the influence of rainfall and municipal groundwater abstraction on groundwater level fluctuation within the study area.
Assessment of microbial contamination of groundwater in upper Limphasa River catchment, located in a rural area of northern Malawi
(Water Research Commission, 2012) Kanyerere, Thokozani; Levy, Jonathan; Xu, Yongxin; Saka, John
In rural Africa, scientific evidence is often lacking to guide the scaling-up of groundwater as the safest source of potable water. An investigation was conducted in the Upper Limphasa Catchment in northern Malawi to determine the safety of groundwater sources and to explore factors influencing water quality. Water samples from 17 boreholes, 6 hand-dug wells and 90 households were analysed for selected parameters. Portable incubators, multi-parameter probe and colorimetric standard methods were used for field measurements, and standard methods were used for laboratory water analysis. Results were compared to specified guidelines of the World Health Organization and Malawi Bureau of Standards to establish the potability of water. Statistical results using non-parametric t-tests indicated that the wells were more contaminated with E. coli bacteria than boreholes (p=6.2x10-6), suggesting non-consideration of local hydrogeologic factors in groundwater development. Water from boreholes that tested negative for pathogens at source tested positive at some households (total coliform: p=0.0042 and E. coli p=7.8x10-7) suggesting the effect of handling practices. Water from wells that was not treated with chlorine showed higher levels of E. coli than treated water from the same sources, confirming the effectiveness of chlorine in reducing pathogenic bacteria in households’ stored drinking-water, reinforcing the scientific basis for scaling up chlorine as effective disinfectant. However, this study demonstrated that chlorine failed to effectively eliminate all pathogens in drinking water. As a case study in tropical rural environments in Africa, these findings on the suitability of using chlorine as disinfectant and on factors explaining groundwater contamination, though provisional, provide a scientific basis for assessing cost-effectiveness and sustainability of scaling-up the use of chlorine as a curative remedy and of systematically investigating local hydrogeologic factors in order to implement measures to protect groundwater quality in poverty-prone rural communities.
Characterisation of hydro-geochemical processes influencing groundwater quality in rural areas: A case study of Soutpansberg region, Limpopo Province, South Africa
(MDPI, 2022) Lalumbe, Lindelani; Kanyerere, Thokozani
Groundwater is often the main or only source of fresh water supply in arid to semi-arid rural areas owing to decreasing rainfall patterns, reduced availability of surface water and socioeconomic activities. It is important to understand the hydro-geochemical processes influencing groundwater quality for improved management and sustainability of resources and to improve rural livelihoods. To understand the hydro-geochemical process influencing the hydro-geochemistry of the Soutpansberg region, this study assessed groundwater quality data from 12 boreholes and 2 geothermal springs collected between 1995 and 2017.
Conceptualization of urban hydrogeology within the context of water sensitive urban design: case study of Cape Flats Aquifer
(University of the Western Cape, 2018) Gxokwe, Siyamthanda; Xu, Yongxin; Kanyerere, Thokozani
Urban hydrogeology can be used to facilitate a decision-making process regarding the implementation of water sensitive urban design (WSUD) to manage water systems of periurban cities. This thesis was aimed at providing explanation of how that approach can be applied in Cape Town using Cape Flats Aquifer as a case study. To achieve this main objective, three specific objectives were set, namely, objective 1 which focused on estimating aquifer parameters using Theis analytical flow solution, in order to identify areas for implementation of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) suggested by WSUD principles; Objective 2 focused on conceptualizing groundwater flow system of Cape Flats Aquifer using the Finite Difference Method (FDM), in order to predict aquifer behaviour under stresses caused by the implementation of WSUD; Objective 3 focused on assessing gw-sw interaction using Principal Aquifer Setting, environmental isotope, and hydrochemical analysis, in-order to identify where and when groundwater surface water interaction is occurring, and thus informing the prevention strategies of the negative effluence of such exchanges on WSUD. The analysis of data collected through pumping test approach which were conducted in March, October 2015 and June 2016, showed that average transmissivity ranged from 15.08m2/d to 2525.59m2/d, with Phillipi Borehole (BG00153) having the highest and Westridge borehole 1 (G32961) having the lowest transmissivity values based on Theis solution by Aqua test analysis. Theis solution by excel spreadsheet analysis showed that average transmissivity ranged from 11.30m2/d to 387.10m2/d with Phill (BG00153) having the highest transmissivity and Bellville 2 (BG46052) having the lowest transmissivity. Storativity values ranged from 10-3 to 10-1 with Phillipi borehole (BG00153) having the highest storativity and Lenteguer borehole 1(BG00139) having the lowest values from both analysis. Average transmissivity visual maps showed that highest transmissivity values within the Cape Flats Aquifer can be obtained around the Phillipi area towards the southern part of the aquifer. Storativity maps also showed that the greatest storativity values can be obtained around Phillipi and Lenteguer area. These findings reveal that MAR would be feasible to implement around the Phillipi and Lenteguer area, where aquifer storage and discharge rates are higher.
Developing a citizen science framework for water resources Protection to facilitate operationalization of resource Directed measures at catchment level, South Africa
(2021) Nzama, Stanley Mvuselelo; Kanyerere, Thokozani
Maintenance of water resources protection practice for water availability, uninterrupted water utilization, and for ecosystem integrity is critical for sustainable achievement of resource security for all. Therefore, operationalization of water resource protection strategies such as resource directed measures, especially at catchment level where water resources utilization takes place is critical. The main aim of the current study was to develop a citizen science framework for operationalization of resource directed measures at catchment level. Such a framework used a nexus approach, and its development was guided by the principles of socio-ecological model from a systems thinking perspective. This demonstrated importance of resource directed measures which are accepted as relevant policy implementation strategies towards improved and integrated water resources management practice at catchment level, where local citizens become part of such practice. Local operationalization of resource directed measures provides a basis for practical policy implementation at catchment level, thereby informing decisions taken on water resources protection and sustainable water use for several purposes. It provides an understanding of how policies which are formulated for water resources protection purposes influence land use activities and other non-land use activities to ensure water availability for current and future generations. Furthermore, localized operationalization of resource directed measures facilitates ecological ecosystems protection such that goods and services derived from such ecosystems are sustained. The research problem of the current study was a lack of available and feasible plan for resource directed measures practice at catchment level which has a direct influence on the continued water quality deterioration and unsustainable utilization of water resources. This study argued that a citizen science framework needed to be developed and such a plan must be informed by science-policy interface that is practical, reflective and must consider the nexus approach using the concept of citizen science in order to improve the practice of resource directed measures at local level in an acceptable manner by practitioners.
Developing a citizen science framework for water resources protection to facilitate operationalization of resource directed measures at catchment level, South Africa
(University of Western Cape, 2021) Nzama, Stanley Mvuselelo; Kanyerere, Thokozani
Maintenance of water resources protection practice for water availability, uninterrupted water utilization, and for ecosystem integrity is critical for sustainable achievement of resource security for all. Therefore, operationalization of water resource protection strategies such as resource directed measures, especially at catchment level where water resources utilization takes place is critical. The main aim of the current study was to develop a citizen science framework for operationalization of resource directed measures at catchment level. Such a framework used a nexus approach, and its development was guided by the principles of socio-ecological model from a systems thinking perspective. This demonstrated importance of resource directed measures which are accepted as relevant policy implementation strategies towards improved and integrated water resources management practice at catchment level, where local citizens become part of such practice.
Exploring opportunities for job creation through waste value chain: Removal of alien invasive plants, Western Cape, South Africa
(University of the Western Cape, 2022) Twetwa, Siyavuya; Kanyerere, Thokozani
Alien invasive plants are often end up in landfills after they are removed, where they form part of organic waste. Wood contractors can utilise this organic waste as a source of informal employment, which is also a waste reduction method. The aim of this study was to explore opportunities for job creation through the removal of alien invasive plants, as the basis for developing a business structure that addresses unemployment. First, the impact of alien invasive plants on the environment and water resources was explored. Then, the impact of removed alien invasive plants on the socioeconomic status of people was assessed.
Feasibility assessment of the application of groundwater remediation techniques in rural areas: A case study of rural areas in the Soutpansberg region, Limpopo Province, South Africa
(MDPI, 2022) Lalumbe, Lindelani; Oberholster, Paul Johan; Kanyerere, Thokozani
Groundwater contribution towards human health and livelihood depends on the contaminants level in groundwater. Many people in rural communities are being exposed to waterborne diseases resulting from drinking untreated contaminated groundwater. This study argues that the lack of implementation of available groundwater remediation methods and associated high costs are exposing rural communities to health risks. This study assessed 22 years of groundwater quality data from 12 boreholes and 2 springs to understand the contaminants level in the Soutpansberg region. A feasibility assessment of the application and design of a sustainable groundwater remediation technique was carried out based on individual- and community-based groundwater remediation types.

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