Browsing by Author "Hara, Mafa"

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    Assessment of the type, extent and modalities of intra-regional fish trade: A case of South Africa and other Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries
    (University of the Western Cape, 2017) Jimu, Tawanda; Hara, Mafa
    This study assessed the type, extent and modalities of intra-regional fish trade between South Africa and other SADC countries. Cross-border fish trade and its importance in boosting intra-regional fish trade between South Africa and the rest of SADC is poorly documented and as such, little systematic effort has been made to understand its type, extent and modalities in order to address the problems of those engaged in the activity. Regional fish trade continues to be important even though it is not always adequately reflected in official statistics. The qualitative research methodology formed the basis of this study. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with fish traders at Park City Central Bus Station in Johannesburg and in-depth interviews with selected key informants from customs, port, health and immigration officials at the Beitbridge and Lebombo border posts. Participants of the study were selected through a combination of purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to digitise national boundaries, border posts and the routes used by fish traders from the sources to distribution points in Johannesburg. The study adopted the new regionalism, regional integration and regional trade conceptual frameworks and attempted to apply the pro-fish trade theory as the theoretical framework.
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    Food trade and investment in South Africa: Improving coherence between economic policy, nutrition and food security
    (Food trade and investment in South Africa: Improving coherence between economic policy, nutrition and food security, 2017-12) Thow, Anne Marie; Greenberg, Stephen; Hara, Mafa; Friel, Sharon; du Toit, Andries; Sanders, David
    South Africa must address a rising burden of diet-related chronic disease while also continuing to combat persistent food insecurity and undernutrition (Muzigaba et al. 2016). The prevalence of stunting among children in South Africa remains around 25% (Said-Mohamed et al. 2015). At the same time, the prevalence of obesity has risen to 39% among women and 11% among men, and diabetes in the adult population to 10% (Shisana et al. 2014). Addressing this double burden of malnutrition will require a comprehensive policy approach that supports demand for healthy food (including financial access) and its supply. In this paper, we focus on supply side interventions – and particularly, the need for policy across sectors to support availability of affordable, healthy food (Republic of South Africa Department of Health 2013; Government of South Africa 2014). However, growing trade and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), supported by binding international commitments, present governments with a challenge as they seek to intervene in the food supply to improve diets and health. Government action to regulate the food supply to reduce consumption of unhealthy foods and increase access to healthy foods becomes subject 1) to the influence of powerful investors and other industry actors, and 2) to commitments made in international trade and investment agreements (Baker et al. 2014, Thow and McGrady 2014, Schram et al. 2015, Thow et al. 2015a, Thow et al. 2015b).
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    Institutional challenges in integrated water resources management in Zimbabwe: a case study of the Pungwe sub-catchment area
    (University of the Western Cape, 2002) Tapela, Barbara Nompumelelo; Hara, Mafa; Swatuk, Larry
    Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is viewed by policy makers and practitioners as facilitating the achievement of a balance between water resources use and protection, and the resolution of water-related conflicts. The IWRM approach has found particular use in the new water policies of Southern African countries such as Zimbabwe, where water scarcity, after the land question, is perceived to be a major threat to political, economic, social, military and environmental security. Ultimately, IWRM is seen as providing a framework towards ensuring broader security at the local, national, regional and global levels. However, the pilot phase implementation of the new water policy in the various regional countries has revealed that although the legal and institutional frameworks have been put in place, the implementation of the IWRM approach has tended to be problematic (Latham, 2001; GTZ, 2000; Leestemaker, 2000; Savenige & van der Zaag, 2000; Sithole, 2000). This study adopts a case study approach and empirically examines the institutional challenges of implementing the IWRM approach in the post-pilot phase of Zimbabwe's new water policy. The focus is mainly on the institutional arrangements surrounding the Pungwe-Mutare Water Supply Project located within the Save Catchment Area in Eastern Zimbabwe. The major finding of the study is that, while there are some problems associated with the traditional management approach, there have also emerged new challenges to IWRM. These mainly relate to the transaction costs of the water sector reforms, institutional resilience, stakeholder participation, and the achievement of the desired outcomes. There have also been problems emanating from unexpected political developments at the local and national levels, particularly with regard to the government's "fast track" land resettlement programme. The study also raises some questions concerning the ideological bases of IWRM and the conceptualization of the institutional problem.
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    Institutional challenges in integrated water resources management in Zimbabwe: A case study of the Pungwe sub-catchment area
    (University of the Western Cape, 2002) Tapela, Barbara Nompumelelo; Hara, Mafa
    Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is viewed by policy makers and practitioners as facilitating the achievement of a balance between water resources use and protection, and the resolution of water-related conflicts. The IWRM approach has found particular use in the new water policies of Southern African countries such as Zimbabwe, where water scarcity, after the land question, is perceived to be a major threat to political, economic, social, military and environmental security. Ultimately, IWRM is seen as providing a framework towards ensuring broader security at the local, national, regional and global levels. However, the pilot phase implementation of the new water policy in the various regional countries has revealed that although the legal and institutional frameworks have been put in place, the implementation of the IWRM approach has tended to be problematic (Latham, 2001; GTZ, 2000; Leestemaker, 2000; Savenige & van der Zaag, 2000; Sithole, 2000). This study adopts a case study approach and empirically examines the institutional challenges of implementing the IWRM approach in the post-pilot phase of Zimbabwe's new water policy. The focus is mainly on the institutional arrangements surrounding the Pungwe-Mutare Water Supply Project located within the Save Catchment Area in Eastern Zimbabwe. The major finding of the study is that, while there are some problems associated with the traditional management approach, there have also emerged new challenges to IWRM. These mainly relate to the transaction costs of the water sector reforms, institutional resilience, stakeholder participation, and the achievement of the desired outcomes. There have also been problems emanating from unexpected political developments at the local and national levels, particularly with regard to the government's "fast track" land resettlement programme. The study also raises some questions concerning the ideological bases of IWRM and the conceptualization of the institutional problem.
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    Socio-economic contribution of South African fisheries and their current legal, policy and management frameworks
    (Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Cape, 2008) de Wit, Martin; Hara, Mafa; Crookes, Doug; Jayiya, Terence
    The Marine Living Resources Act (No. 18, 1998) establishes as an objective the utilisation of marine living resources to achieve, inter alia 'economic growth, human resource development, capacity building within fisheries and mariculture branches, [and] employment creation'. Fisheries policy is founded on two fundamental principles: 1) that fisheries resources belong to all of South Africa's people, and 2) that these resources should be utilised on a sustainable basis so that both present and future generations may benefit from them. The Act, and subsequent amendments, permits the extension of rights to undertake commercial or subsistence fishing, engage in mariculture, or operate a fish-processing establishment. As in most other fishery areas in the world, South Africa's management authorities face a growing need for the incorporation of socio-economic information in the management of fisheries. Social and economic contexts vary by fishery and, therefore, policy and management regimes differ among the sectors. There is a need to clearly understand the different contributions to the social and economic well-being of the fisheries so that appropriate management objectives and priorities may be developed. Taking the above into consideration, it thus becomes obvious that managing commercial, small-scale and subsistence and recreational fishers; the environment; meeting seafood consumer expectations; and developing appropriate political responses, will require carefully planned social and economic research in addition to the more traditional biological research. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to our understanding of the socio- economic contribution of fisheries to South Africa's economy and legal, policy, and management context within which the three main South African fisheries sectors (commercial, small-scale/subsistence, and recreational) operate'.
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    Strategy for fisheries socio- economic research
    (Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Cape, 2008-03) Jayiya, Terence; Hara, Mafa; de Wit, Martin; Crookes, Doug
    This document sets broad strategic directions for a period of five years and provides a framework on which fisheries socio-economic research priorities can be determined on a more frequent basis. This is seen as more effective than investing in socio-economic research as and when the need arises. Development of the strategy should be seen as a process, not an endpoint, hence, it is quite likely that the strategy itself will require refinement during the next five years. An overview of fisheries socio-economic issues has to start with a clear meaning and understanding of what is meant by 'socio-economics' and, more importantly, what relevance this has to fisheries management. The term socio- economics therefore needs to be handled with some care. It does not really indicate a particular disciplinary focus and, in most cases, the work carried out by 'socio-economists' would be better divided between sociologists and economists carrying out their respective analyses though clearly working closely together (FAO, 2003). In this overview, the focus is on the work carried out by sociologists and economists, although the many important areas of overlap, where the disciplines may need to closely cooperate, are also discussed. This project has identified three fisheries socio-economic research themes for implementation by Marine and Coastal Management. These themes span the spectrum of fisheries management information needs, and often correspond to specific disciplines within the socio-economic sciences.