The Future of Migration on the African Continent in Light of the African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement

Abstract

Migration is a long-standing human phenomenon.1 It has been a constant feature of humankind’s history, evolving from seasonal movement for hunting, subsistence and trade to the forced displacement of people through slave-trading and colonial expansion.2 Over time, many people have moved across borders in search of work, education, and economic opportunity or to flee conflict or persecution.3 As a result of pre-colonial history and the current post-colonial landscape, the movement of people across borders has been intrinsic to the African continent’s economic, social and political dynamics.4 With contemporary push factors such as governance challenges and economic disparity encouraging movement, intra-African migration is expected to grow by 11 to 12 per cent in the coming years.5 Despite this prediction, migration facilitation across the African continent remains fragmented and ill-received.6 Protectionist attitudes, lack of political will, and weak regional frameworks have constrained efforts to operationalise free movement of persons at a continental level. With African states seeking new paths for growth, development and unity, these attitudes require reflection if such desires are to be realised.