Human coronaviruses: counteracting the damage by storm

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dc.contributor.authorSchoeman, Dewald
dc.contributor.authorFielding, Burtram C.
dc.date.accessioned2021-09-22T13:33:29Z
dc.date.available2021-09-22T13:33:29Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.description.abstractOver the past 18 years, three highly pathogenic human (h) coronaviruses (CoVs) have caused severe outbreaks, the most recent causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, being the first to cause a pandemic. Although much progress has been made since the COVID-19 pandemic started, much about SARS-CoV-2 and its disease, COVID-19, is still poorly understood. The highly pathogenic hCoVs differ in some respects, but also share some similarities in clinical presentation, the risk factors associated with severe disease, and the characteristic immunopathology associated with the progression to severe disease. This review aims to highlight these overlapping aspects of the highly pathogenic hCoVs—SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2—briefly discussing the importance of an appropriately regulated immune response; how the immune response to these highly pathogenic hCoVs might be dysregulated through interferon (IFN) inhibition, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA); and how these could link to the ensuing cytokine storm. The treatment approaches to highly pathogenic hCoV infections are discussed and it is suggested that a greater focus be placed on T-cell vaccines that elicit a cell-mediated immune response, using rapamycin as a potential agent to improve vaccine responses in the elderly and obese, and the potential of stapled peptides as antiviral agents.en_US
dc.identifier.citationSchoeman, D.; Fielding, B.C. Human Coronaviruses: Counteracting the Damage by Storm. Viruses 2021, 13, 1457. https://doi.org/10.3390/ v13081457en_US
dc.identifier.uridoi.org/10.3390/v13081457
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10566/6775
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherMDPI Virusesen_US
dc.subjecthuman coronavirusesen_US
dc.subjectcytokine stormen_US
dc.subjectimmunopathologyen_US
dc.subjectCOVID-19en_US
dc.titleHuman coronaviruses: counteracting the damage by stormen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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