Mfuranzima, Noël2025-10-102025-10-102024N/AN/Ahttps://hdl.handle.net/10566/21063After the Second World War, international trade liberalisation was on the agenda of the international community.1 An International Trade Organisation (ITO) was proposed during the Bretton Woods Conference. The aim was to complement the work of the International Humanitary Fund and the World Bank. The ITO marked the initial step in formalising international trade, with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) serving as the means to support and promote trade development among nations. The significant goal included the reduction of tariffs and the removal of quantitative restrictions on global trade. Establishing modern international trade standards and the World Trade Organisation (WTO) have both been lengthy processes. Over a span of 47 years, from 1948 to 1995, the trading system transitioned from GATT to the WTO, evolving from the Havana Conference to the Marrakesh Agreement. This transformation occurred after the ITO initiative was abandoned. GATT played a crucial role in creating a strong and successful multilateral trading system that became increasingly liberal through various rounds of trade negotiations. However, by the 1980s, it was clear that the system required a comprehensive overhaul to meet the changing global trade landscape.4 This process led to the establishment WTO in 1995.5 The GATT was a provisional instrument for almost half a century.6 It effectively established the rules governing global trade and marked a significant growth period in the international trade system.enAnti-dumpingCountervailing and anti-subsidiesSafeguards measuresTrade remediesBurundi’s legal framework on cross-border tradeThesis