Iwuoha, EmmanuelDong, HaoJiang, Junzheng2025-10-272025-10-272025Dong, H., Jiang, J., Xie, S., Lin, C., Wei, P., Zhang, X., Hu, P., Iwuoha, E.I. and Peng, X., 2025. Transition metal phosphides for efficient hydrogen evolution: Synthesis, multiscale regulation, and industrial prospects. Applied Energy, 400, p.126550.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126550https://hdl.handle.net/10566/21178Achieving scalable green hydrogen generation through water electrolysis hinges on discovering affordable yet highly effective hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts to replace traditional Pt-based options. Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) have risen as attractive electrocatalysts, featuring tunable electronic structures, excellent conductivity, and robust stability. This review systematically examines recent advances in TMPs-based HER catalysts, bridging fundamental research and industrial applications. We first elucidate structure-activity relationships and HER mechanisms, then critically evaluate scalable synthesis methods. Multiscale optimization strategies are comprehensively discussed, including atomic-scale engineering, nanostructural design, and hybrid composites, with experimental-theoretical correlations quantifying performance enhancements. Notably, we highlight breakthroughs in achieving industrial current densities (≥500 mA cm−2) while maintaining stability. Key challenges in in-situ characterization, durability, and practical deployment are identified, with targeted solutions proposed to accelerate commercialization. This work provides critical insights for designing next-generation HER electrocatalysts to enable sustainable hydrogen production at scale.enElectrocatalysisElectrocatalystHydrogen Evolution ReactionRegulation StrategyTransition Metal PhosphidesArticle