van Koppen, BarbaraTapela, Barbara NompumeleloMapedza, Everisto2019-03-142019-03-142015van Koppen, B. et al. (2015). Joint ventures in the flag Boshielo irrigation scheme, South Africa: A history of smallholders, states and business. Research Report 171. Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Capehttp://hdl.handle.net/10566/4509In the global debates on the modes of farming, including irrigated farming, that are viable for the majority of rural people, three models prevail: (i) smallholder family farming; (ii) farming led by agribusiness’ capital, technologies, and forward and backward linkages in an estate mode; and (iii) agribusiness-led farming in an out-grower mode. In South Africa, these three and more modes of irrigated agriculture have been implemented. In the colonial era, in most of the country, the state supported a white-dominated estate mode of farming based on wage labor. Smallholder family farming remained confined to black people in the former homelands. Smallholder irrigation schemes in the former homelands were out-grower schemes, managed by the colluding apartheid state, white agribusiness and irrigation industry. Since independence in 1994, the search for viable modes of farming and irrigation is high on the policy agenda. This is part of the envisaged transition of the state into a tripartite constellation of citizens, state and service providers that delivers accountable, outcome-based services.enBoshieloSouth AfricaIrrigated farmingHomelandsIrrigation schemeOther