Novel norbornane derivatives as potential neuroprotective agents
| dc.contributor.advisor | Joubert, Jacques | |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Malan, Sarel | |
| dc.contributor.author | Egunlusi, Ayodeji Olatunde | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2020-10-06T12:12:53Z | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2024-05-15T07:16:48Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2020-10-06T12:12:53Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2024-05-15T07:16:48Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2020 | |
| dc.description | Philosophiae Doctor - PhD | en_US |
| dc.description.abstract | Neurodegenerative disorders are characterised by progressive loss of the brain’s physiological functions as a result of gradual degeneration of neurons in the central nervous system. Even though they are classified as diseases of the elderly, occurrence earlier in life is possible, but that would suggest the influence of genetic and/or environmental factors. Due to the continuous rise in modernisation and industrialisation over the years, there has been an increase in incidence and prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders. With the advances in technology and life expectancy, the rates of the common forms (Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease), are expected to increase exponentially by 2050. Unfortunately, there is still no clinically approved treatment or therapy to slow down or halt the degenerative process as most registered drugs only offer symptomatic relief. Confounding this issue is the lack of definite mechanism of neurodegeneration, which is still poorly defined and not completely understood. Nonetheless, the pathology of most neurodegenerative disorders is believed to be a combination of interrelated processes that eventually leads to neuronal cell death. Among the postulated processes, the impact of excitotoxicity mediated by NMDA receptor over-activation is prominent and it is implicated in virtually all neurodegenerative disorders. With this basic insight, it is believed that molecules capable of inhibiting NMDA receptors and associated calcium channels, without affecting the normal physiological functions of the brain, could potentially serve as good neuroprotective drugs. Competitive and uncompetitive blockers (MK-801 and ketamine) have been explored, but none were clinically accepted due to undesirable side effects such as hallucinations, sedation and depression. However, NGP1-01, a polycyclic cage molecule, has been shown to be neuroprotective through modulation of NMDA receptors and voltage gated calcium channels and attenuation of MPP+ -induced toxicity. A similar approach could be useful in the design and development of new neuroprotective drugs. The aim of this study was to synthesise a series of open and rearranged cage-like molecules and explore their neuroprotective potential in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. The proposed structures, with norbornane scaffolds that contained different moieties, were designed to structurally resemble NGP1-01 and MK-801. Once synthesised, the compounds were purified and characterised, and were evaluated for their biological activities. Compounds were first screened for cytotoxicity at different concentrations. Thereafter, they were evaluated for neuroprotective effects against MPP+ -induced excitotoxicity and for calcium flux modulatory effects on NMDA receptor and voltage gated calcium channels. The norbornane derivatives were synthesised and characterised, and all final products were afforded in sufficient yields. All compounds with the exception of two compounds displayed good cytotoxic profiles towards the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells at 10 µM, 50 µM and 100 µM concentrations as they demonstrated percentage cell viabilities close to 100% (control treated cells). Only two compounds showed percentage cell viability of 51% and 59% at 100 µM. Utilising the same cell line, all compounds, tested at 10 µM, attenuated MPP+ -induced toxicity after 24 hours of exposure to a neurotoxin. This was evident in the 23% to 53% enhancement (significant with p < 0.05) in cell viability when compared to the MPP+ only treated cells. In comparison to known NMDA receptor and/or voltage gated calcium channel blockers (MK-801, NGP1-01 or nimodipine), the synthesised compounds demonstrated mono or dual inhibition of calcium channels as they effectively attenuated calcium influx by blocking NMDA receptors and/or voltage gated calcium channels expressed in neuroblastoma SHSY5Y cells. This group of compounds were found to be more potent NMDA receptor inhibitors, probably due to similarities with MK-801 and memantine, than voltage gated calcium channel inhibitors. All compounds demonstrated moderate to good calcium inhibitory effects at NMDA receptors in the range of 23% to 70% while a selected few displayed very little or no activity at the voltage gated calcium channels. In conclusion, 27 compounds with norbornane scaffolds were successfully synthesised and evaluated for cytotoxicity and neuroprotection. The abilities of the synthesised compounds to protect neurons from the neurotoxin MPP+ and reduce calcium flux into neuronal cells were successfully demonstrated. These characteristics are essential in neuroprotection as they may prove significant in halting or slowing down the disease progression. The compounds showing a good cytotoxicity profile, neuroprotective effects and ability to reduce calcium overload, could potentially act as neuroprotective agents with good safety profiles or contribute as lead structures to the development and design of structurally related molecules that could clinically benefit people with neurodegenerative disorders. | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://hdl.handle.net/10566/15049 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | en_US |
| dc.publisher | University of Western Cape | en_US |
| dc.rights.holder | University of Western Cape | en_US |
| dc.subject | Neurodegenerative disorders | en_US |
| dc.subject | Calcium influx | en_US |
| dc.subject | Neuroblastomas SH-SY5Y cells | en_US |
| dc.subject | Voltage gated calcium channels | en_US |
| dc.subject | Oxidative stress | en_US |
| dc.title | Novel norbornane derivatives as potential neuroprotective agents | en_US |