Department of Paediatric Dentistry

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Acceptance of the use of silver fluoride among Brazilian parents of children with special health care needs
(Frontiers Media SA, 2024) Potgieter,Nicoline; Charone,Senda; Elias R
Background: Children with special health care needs including down syndrome, autism spectrum disorder and down syndrome experience difficulties in receiving dental treatment. silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and silver fluoride (SF) are a minimally invasive treatments options to arrest dental caries without sedation; local or general anaesthesia (GA). Aim: Evaluation of Brazilian's parents' acceptance of the use of SF in CSHCN. Methods: After receiving education on SF, 100 Parents of CSHCN completed a questionnaire concerning their acceptance of SF, in different dental situation. Result: Majority of parents (74,5%) agreed to the use of SF for their children. SF was more acceptable on posterior teeth (74,5%) when compared to its use on anterior teeth (43,1%). Parents accepted to use SF in order: to reduce infection and pain (82,4%); to avoid dental injection (72,5%) and treatment under GA (84,3%). The majority of parents accepted the properties of SF (82,4%) and silver (80,4%). Conclusion: silver fluoride was accepted as a treatment option for caries, by Brazilian parents of CSHCN. SF should be considered as a treatment option for caries limited to dentine for CSHCN, taking into consideration the individual needs and opinions with regard to aesthetics and exposure to fluoride and silver.
Accuracy and reliability of traditional measurement techniques for tooth widths and arch perimeter compared to CAD/CAM
(The University of the Western Cpae, 2018) Elmubarak, Mona Dr.; Hudson, Athol Dr.
BACKGROUND: Plaster models form an integral part of the traditional orthodontic records. They are necessary for diagnosis and treatment planning, case presentations as well as for the evaluation of treatment progress. The accuracy of the measurements taken for space assessment is crucial prior to treatment planning. The introduction of digital models overcomes some problems experienced with plaster models. Digital models have shown to be an acceptable alternative for plaster models. AIM: The aim of the study was to determine the accuracy of traditional measurement techniques when compared to the CAD/ CAM measurements in the assessment of tooth widths and arch perimeter from plaster models. METHOD: The mesio-distal tooth widths and arch perimeter of thirty archived plaster models were measured using a digital caliper to the nearest 0.01 mm and divider to the nearest 0.1 mm. Corresponding digital models were produced by scanning them with a CAD/CAM (InEos X5) and space analysis completed by measurements using InEos Blue software. Measurements were repeated after 1 week from the initial measurement. The methods were compared using descriptive analysis (mean difference and standard deviation). RESULTS: The operator reliability was high for digital models as well as the plaster models when the measurement tool was the digital caliper (analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient in the paired t-test). The mean values of tooth widths measurements of CAD/CAM, digital caliper and divider were 6.82 (±0.04), 6.94 (± 0.04) and 7.11 (± 0.04). There was a significant difference between the measurements made by the CAD/CAM and the divider. Additionally significant differences between the measurements by digital caliper and divider measurements (p < 0.05) were observed. No significant difference was found when comparing CAD/CAM to digital caliper. Positive correlation was displayed between CAD/CAM, digital caliper and the divider, but the measurements completed with the digital caliper had the highest correlation with the CAD/CAM. The difference was not significant between the aforementioned measurement tools (p > 0.05). Arch perimeter measurements showed no statistical significant difference between CAD/CAM, digital caliper and divider (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Archived plaster models stored as records can be converted to digital models as it will have the same accuracy of measurements. The value of doing a space analysis with the CAD/CAM system can be performed with similar reliability on the digital models as a caliper on plaster models.
Accuracy and reliability of traditional measurement techniques for tooth widths and arch perimeter compared to CAD/CAM
(University of the Western Cape, 2018) Elmubarak, Mona; Hudson, Athol; Mulder, Riaan
Background: Plaster models form an integral part of the traditional orthodontic records. They are necessary for diagnosis and treatment planning, case presentations as well as for the evaluation of treatment progress. The accuracy of the measurements taken for space assessment is crucial prior to treatment planning. The introduction of digital models overcomes some problems experienced with plaster models. Digital models have shown to be an acceptable alternative for plaster models. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the accuracy of traditional measurement techniques when compared to the CAD/ CAM measurements in the assessment of tooth widths and arch perimeter from plaster models. Method: The mesio-distal tooth widths and arch perimeter of thirty archived plaster models were measured using a digital caliper to the nearest 0.01 mm and divider to the nearest 0.1 mm. Corresponding digital models were produced by scanning them with a CAD/CAM (InEos X5) and space analysis completed by measurements using InEos Blue software. Measurements were repeated after 1 week from the initial measurement. The methods were compared using descriptive analysis (mean difference and standard deviation). Results: The operator reliability was high for digital models as well as the plaster models when the measurement tool was the digital caliper (analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient in the paired t-test). The mean values of tooth widths measurements of CAD/CAM, digital caliper and divider were 6.82 (±0.04), 6.94 (± 0.04) and 7.11 (± 0.04). There was a significant difference between the measurements made by the CAD/CAM and the divider. Additionally significant differences between the measurements by digital caliper and divider measurements (p < 0.05) were observed. No significant difference was found when comparing CAD/CAM to digital caliper. Positive correlation was displayed between CAD/CAM, digital caliper and the divider, but the measurements completed with the digital caliper had the highest correlation with the CAD/CAM. The difference was not significant between the aforementioned measurement tools (p > 0.05). Arch perimeter measurements showed no statistical significant difference between CAD/CAM, digital caliper and divider (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Archived plaster models stored as records can be converted to digital models as it will have the same accuracy of measurements. The value of doing a space analysis with the CAD/CAM system can be performed with similar reliability on the digital models as a caliper on plaster models.
An in vitro comparison of the marginal adaptation and discrepancy of stainless steel crowns
(University of the Western Cape, 2018) Medhat, Rasha Mahmood Abdelrahman; Mulder, R.
The benefits of restorative treatment are to remove cavities or defects, to restore function, maintain the arch integrity and to eliminate the progression of dental caries. The complexity of restorative treatment increases when the dental caries involves more than one surface of the tooth. Stainless steel crowns are considered to be the gold standard for multisurface carious lesions in primary teeth. Despite the high success rate and cost-effectiveness of stainless steel crowns compared to other restorations, failure of stainless steel crowns were reported in some cases. The major causes of failure of stainless steel crowns are poor marginal adaptation and marginal discrepancy.
Antibacterial activity of different Iodoform-based preparations used as root filling materials in Paediatric Dentistry
(University of the Western Cape, 2019) Mohamed, Razan Azahry Abdelhalim; Mohamed, Nadia
Background: The primary goal of pulp therapy in the deciduous dentition is to keep the teeth fully functional in order to prevent arch space loss. A pulpectomy is a pulp therapy procedure indicated when an irreversibly inflamed or necrotic radicular pulp is encountered. ZOE and iodoform pastes (i.e. Kri 1 paste and Vitapex) have been recommended as root filling materials after pulpectomy. High clinical success rates have been reported with Vitapex and the fact that it resorbs readily when extruded beyond the apex is an added advantage. However, it has also been reported to resorb from within the root canals and even cause pathological root resorption in cases where the vital pulp is inflamed (Nurko et al., 2000). Iodoform-based preparations are thought to be more appropriate because they fulfill nearly all the requirements of the ideal root filling materials in primary teeth. Despite this, there are limited studies comparing the antibacterial effect of iodoform-based preparations. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of Vitapex (V), Kri 1 paste (K) and pure iodoform (I) against E. faecalis.
The antimicrobial and antifungal efficacy of indigenous plant extracts against streptococcus mutans, Escherichia colia and Candida albicans
(University of the Western Cape, 2015) Elashi, Balsam; Peerbhay, Fatima; Basson, Nicolaas J
The antimicrobial and antifungal efficacy of indigenous plant extracts against Streptococcus mutans , Escherichia coli and Candida albicans .Aim: To determine the antimicrobial and antifungal efficacy of indigenous plant extracts, Tamarindus Indica (T. ndica), Hibiscus sabdariffa (H. sabdaraffi), Adansonia digitata (A.digitata) and Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) against Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans ), Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) objectives:The objectives of this study were to: 1.Measure the zones of growth inhibition by T. indicia , A. digitata , M.oleifera and H. sabdariffi extracts against, S.mutans , E.coli and C.albicans . 2.Compare the size of inhibition zones of different bacteria or fungus, S. mutans ,E.coli and C. albicans, around the same plant extract.3.Compare the size of inhibition zones for the same bacteria in different plant extracts T.indicia ,A.digitata H.sabdariffi and M.oleifera Methodology .The antimicrobial and antifungal effect of the ethanolic extracts of T. indica , H.sabdariffa, A.digitata and M.oleifera was performed using the disc diffusion method against S. mutans ,E.coli and C.albicans. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the plants was determined by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zones. esults and conclusion: The results showed that.T.indica and H.sabdariffa ethanolic extracts have an antibacterial effect against S.mutans and E.coli.However, H.sabdariffi showed a significantly higher antibacterial effect against E.coli and S.mutans, with a range of 14.50mm to 12.01mm and 16.41 mm to 14.39 mm compared to T.indica ,with a range of 11.41 mm to 7.04mm and 6.88mm to 10.40mm, respectively.Furthermore, the statistical multiple pairwise test (Conover Iman procedure/Two -tailed test) omputed that the effect of H.sabdariffi is significantly (critical value >7.229) greater for the G ram positive S.mutans than the G ram negative E.coli.On the other hand,T.indica showed a similar antibacterial effect against S.mutans and E.coli,respectively.In contrast, M. oleifera and A.digitata ethanolic plant extracts showed no antibacterial effect against E.coli and S.mutans. All the indigenous plants tested, T.indica ,H.sabdariffa, M. oleifera and A.digitata had no antifungal activity on C.albicans
The antimicrobial efficacy of three chlorhexidine mouth rinses: an in-vitro analysis
(University of the Western Cape, 2014) Abdalrahman, Basheer Mohamed; Holmes, Haly; Peck, M. Thabit; Basson, Nicholas
Different chlorhexidine (CHX) preparations and formulations are available in local markets. Some preparations contain anti-discoloration systems (ADS), additional antimicrobials like cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), or alcohol. The aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial efficacies of 3 different CHX preparations (Corsodyl®, Curasept® and GUM® Paroex®)
An assessment of comprehensive dental treatment provided under general anaesthesia at Tygerberg Oral Health Centre
(University of the Western Cape, 2006) Ijbara, Manhal; Harnekar, Soraya Y; Dept. of Paediatric Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry
There are several categories of dental problems in children that cannot be treated optimally in the office settings and are best managed in the hospital theatre. The ability to treat children in the hospital environment in order to provide comprehensive dental care using general anaesthesia(GA) is a valuable option to the paediatric dentist, despite some degree of risk to the patient. General anaesthesia provides optimum conditions for restorative treatment such as maximum contamination control, immobilization of the patient, efficiency and effectiveness, and elimination of reflexes.
The association between periodontitis and end-stage renal disease
(University of the Western Cape, 2006) Nadeem, Muhammad; Stephen, L.X.G.; Dept. of Oral Medicine and Periodontics; Faculty of Dentistry
Patients who are in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) experience a significantly increased rate of atherosclerotic complications. Inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of these complications. The major acute phase protein, C-reactive protein (CRP) has been found to predict all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in ESRD patients. Many patients in ESRD experience elevated CRP levels without an overt infection. Periodontal diseases in the general population have been associated with both an increased prevalence of atherosclerotic complications and an elevation in serum CRP values. The aim of this present study was to investigate whether periodontal disease is associated with increased systemic inflammation reflected by CRP values, in patients with ESRD on maintenance haemodialysis (HD) or perioneal dialysis (PD).
Caries status and treatment needs of 6- and 12-year-old Western Cape learners in the public sector.
(University of the Western Cape, 2022) Simpson, Karen Rene; Barrie, Robert
There is a need for good oral health data in the Western Cape as effective health care requires good information. The most recent survey was carried out in 2002 (van Wyk and van Wyk, 2004) and therefore there is no current information on the oral disease burden, nor the oral health treatment needs of children in the Western Cape. The Provincial Government of the Western Cape had requested data to be collected to evaluate the roll out of the fissure sealant programme in the Western Cape as part of the Primary Preventive Primary School Oral Health Programme. This data collected from 2011 included the caries status and treatment need of each primary and permanent tooth, in a sample of 6- and 12-year-old children, at selected provincial schools in this province. The programme was rolled out, but suddenly terminated in 2019 which limited the ability to conduct a complete analysis.
Comparative in vitro study of selected physical properties of activa, cention n and vitremer
(University of the Western Cape, 2021) Mohammed Khair, Ro'aa Mohammed Jafar Mohammed; Mulder, Riaan
This study aimed to determine the association between dimensional change and surface roughness (Ra) of Vitremer, Activa and Cention N after immersing them into two different media: acidic and artificial saliva media for the period of a year. Measurements were made at 10 time intervals during the observation period.
A comparative study of the Oral health Status of Cardiac and Non-Cardiac paediatric patients at Tygerberg Hospital
(University of the Western Cape, 2008) Zafar, Sobia; Harnekar, S Yasin; Dept. of Paediatric Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry
The aim of the study was to determine the oral and debntal health status of pediatric cardiac patients, 12 years of age and younger, and compare them with non-cardiac patients. A total of 150 children, 75 with known cardiac condition (study group) and 75 no-cardiac (control group) were examined. No statistically significant differences were established in the study between the caries experience score for the cardiac and control groups. The study concludes that the cardiac group generally has a higher decay component and a lower missing component which may be an indication of the lack of dental intervention. The gingival inflammation was significantly higher in the cardiac group although the plaque scores were similar in the two groups.
Comparing the curvature of orthodontic brackets to the buccal lnclination of the second maxillary premolar
(University of the Western Cape, 2019) Fakir, Yaseen; Mulder, Riaan
Background: The relationship between the curvature of the tooth and the curvature on the corresponding bracket is of vital importance. The closer the curvature of the base to that of the tooth, the closer adaptation it will assume. It will consequently have better adhesion, retention and distribute the forces on the tooth more efficiently in all dimensions. However, there is a lack of literature relating the buccal curvature of the tooth to the curvature of the corresponding orthodontic bracket. This dissertation investigated this relationship with the help of a novel methodology using Micro- Computed Tomography (Micro-CT). Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the buccal curvatures of the maxillary second premolars with the curvatures of three orthodontic bracket brands using a Micro-CT scanner. Methodology: The study sample included 33 randomly selected maxillary second premolars from archived orthodontic diagnostic models and corresponding orthodontic brackets from three manufacturers: Bioquick (Forestadent), Innovation (GAC) and Victory Series (3M Unitek). The sample was scanned using a Nikon Metrology XTH 225 ST X-ray micro-computer tomography scanner (Yokohama, Japan) at 100kV with a beam current of 200μA with an exposure of 1fps. The images were analysed on Volume graphics VG Studio max 3.2.5. The curvatures of the brackets at the mesial and gingival margin were isolated and the central angle of these curvatures were recorded in degrees. The corresponding curvature angles on the teeth were also recorded of each bracket. The angles of the brackets and the angles on the teeth were analysed to determine which bracket had the lowest angular difference. The angular differences were compared using a two-way ANOVA and a Bonferroni Pairwise Comparison. Results: The results of the study showed there to be no standardisation between angulations of the 3 bracket brands. It also confirmed the results in the literature which states the existence of a great variation in curvature between maxillary second premolars. A statistically significant interaction was found between the angles of the 3 brackets and the angles on the teeth p < 0.0001. The lowest angular difference for the joint 3 and 4 mm prescriptions at the mesial margin of the brackets was that of Victory Series -1.623 (±5.920) and Bioquick had the lowest angular difference for the joint prescriptions at the gingival margin 5.836 (±13.580). The difference at the mesial margin between the Victory series and Innovation was -4.494 (SE±1.681); p = 1 and between Victory series and Bioquick was -5.145 (SE±1.681); p = 1. Both were statistically insignificant. The difference between Bioquick and Innovation at the gingival bracket margin was 0.811(SE±1.681); p = 0, the difference between Bioquick and Victory series was 11.908 (SE±1.681); p = 0, both were statistically significant. Conclusion: The results indicated the best performing bracket at the mesial margin to be that of Victory series. This result was followed by Innovation and Bioquick who were closely matched with no significant difference. The best performing bracket at the gingival margin was Bioquick followed by Victory series and Innovation. The curvature of Innovation greatly underestimated the tooth curvature. The best overall angular difference was that of Victory series.
A Comparison of the dental age estimation methods of Phillips and Proffit in a sample of South African children at the Tygerberg Dental Faculty
(University of the Western Cape, 2015) Elgamri, Alya Isam Eldin Gafar; Mohamed, Nadia; Hudson, Athol
Background: Dental age is an indicator of the physiological maturity of growing children. Different methods for estimating the dental age in comparison to the chronological age were proposed in the literature. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of two methods i.e. the Phillips and Proffit methods in estimating the dental age in a sample of South African children at the Tygerberg dental faculty. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted by randomly selecting 100 panoramic radiographs with known chronological age. The sample contained an equal number of girls and boys (50 in each group) and the chronological age ranged between 6 and 11 years. Dental age for each radiograph was estimated using the Phillips and the Proffit methods respectively. The mean difference between dental and chronological age was calculated. Dental and chronological ages were compared using overall bias and random errors. Results: The results showed that for the girls’ sample, the Phillips method underestimated the age by 4 months which is statistically significant (p-value =0.03). The Proffit method underestimated the age by 2 days which is not statistically significant (p-value =0.97). Both methods however have the same frequency of random errors. For the boys’ sample, Phillips’ method underestimated the age by 6 months which is statistically significant (p-value <0.0001). Proffit’s method underestimated the age by 2 months which is not statistically significant (p-value= 0.15). The Phillips method was shown to have fewer random errors in boys. Discussion: The above mentioned results showed that for dental age estimation for girls, Proffit’s method would be more appropriate. This rationale is explained by the conclusion that it only underestimates the age by 2 days and has the same frequency of random errors as Phillips’ method. However, if one had to choose between the two methods for boys, the situation should be evaluated carefully. For boys, the Phillips method has fewer random errors but a larger overall bias (6 months) whereas Proffit’s method has more random errors but less overall bias (2 months). The choice between the two methods should therefore depend on the purpose of the estimation. If the method is used for estimating the age in a single individual with an unknown chronological age, Phillips’ method would be more preferable. However, if the method is used for age estimation in populations with a known mean chronological age, Proffit is preferred. Conclusion: Proffit’s description for dental development has been shown to be accurate in estimating the DA. It may therefore be considered to be a legitimate DA estimation method and not just a developmental description for the dentition.
The comparison of two doses of intranasal midazolam sedation in a paediatric dental emergency clinic
(University of Western Cape, 2011) Mahgoub, Ahmed Elsheikh Omer; Peerbhay, Fathima; Roelofse, James
The aim of the study was to compare two doses of intranasal midazolam (INM) 0.3 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg in terms of effectiveness and recovery time. Design:-This study was a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) and Triple blinded study. Sample and methods A sample of one hundred and eighteen children aged from 4-6 years old were randomly assigned for Intranasal sedation (INS) to either the 0.3 mg/kg group or the 0.5 mg/kg group. Children were taken in fasting and non-fasting conditions. The children were monitored using a pulse-oximeter, the sedation was assessed using Wilson sedation scale and the anxiety and behaviour scales were rated by Venham’s scale throughout the treatment. The facial image Scale (FIS) was also used to assess anxiety and mood of children before and after treatment. Results The mean BMI of children was found to be from 14-16. Intranasal sedation with both 0.3 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg midazolam was completed in 100% of the children. The pulse rates were within normal limit but statistically lower in the 0.5 mg/kg group. Oxygen saturation was above 98% in all except for one child who desaturated to 90%. Thirty five percent found this route acceptable in this study; Nine percent had burning sensation from midazolam. The state anxiety between the two groups of 0.3 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg were insignificant using Venham’s scale. However, behaviour scores showed statistical significant results of p value (0.03) and (0.04) in the behaviour during LA and behaviour during extractions respectively. The facial images scale (FIS) ratings chosen by the children before and after sedation was insignificant to the anxiety and behaviour ratings. The FIS revealed that 66% chose a happy face at the end of treatment. Fifty percent of the children in the study chose the same image before and after sedation. There were no adverse events encountered during the procedure. Conclusion INS with midazolam using the 0.3 mg/kg or 0.5 mg/kg doses resulted in safe and effective sedation. The 0.5 mg/kg proved to be more effective than the 0.3 mg/kg in providing better behaviour and decreasing anxiety when compared with the 0.3 mg/kg dose. The 0.5 mg/kg dose was found to be safe and the recovery time was slightly more than the 0.3 mg/kg but the difference was not clinically significant.
Dental treatment of pre-school paediatric patients under general anaesthesia in the Western Cape
(2009) Peerbhay, Fathima Bibi Mahomed; Barrie, Robert; Mohamed, Nadia
AIM:The aim of this study was to review the data available from the Department of Health(DOH), on pre-school paediatric patients treated under Dental General Anaesthesia(DGA), at public health facilities in the Western Cape (WC) in order to ascertain the type and nature of treatment provided.METHODOLOGY:This retrospective descriptive study reviewed the records on the Department of Health(DoH) Database of 16 732 pre-school patients treated under dental general anaesthesia in the period 1 January 2005 until 31 December 2007. A questionnaire was also completed telephonically with 22 dentists from the district dental health clinics.Summary descriptive statistics were calculated from data collected and comparisons were drawn between services available at the health districts and academic hospitals.RESULTS:Of the 58 255 procedures recorded for pre-school patients in the district health clinics in the Western Cape, 99.94% were for extractions provided and 0.5% for restorations.The average number of teeth extracted was 10.4 (SD ±3.9).The average rate of DGA per 1000 of the population was 1.06. Only 9% (2) of dentists at district clinics reported that pre-DGA prevention was provided and 5% (1) reported including post-DGA prevention. The Academic Hospital at Tygerberg Oral Health Centre was the only facility in the Western Cape that provided comprehensive dental treatment for pre-school patients which included restorations, extractions, pre and post DGA prevention. Red Cross Children’s Hospital provided treatment for pre-school patients under DGA that included extractions, pre- and post DGA, but no restorative treatment. CONCLUSION:The demand for DGA in pre-school patients in the WC was high. The lack of prevention associated with DGA in the public health service is the most likely reason the retreatment rate under DGA was reported by dentists as being 77%. There was an absence of protocol regarding DGA for pre-school patients in the public health service.RECOMMENDATIONS:Guidelines formulated were recommended for use in the public service for pre-school patients being treated under DGA and includes the provision of preventive interventions such as regular topical fluoride applications, oral hygiene instruction and dietary advice.
Early Childhood Caries in children 12-24 months old in Mitchell's Plain, South Africa
(University of the Western Cape, 2008) Ali, Mustafa; Moola, M.H.; Dept. of Paediatric Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry
The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (2005/06) defines Early Childhood Caries (ECC) as the presence of 1 or more decayed (noncavitated or cavitated lesions), missing (due to caries), or filled tooth surfaces in any primary tooth in a child 71 months of age or younger. ECC can cause significant problems in preschool children and is a source of considerable societal costs. The South African national oral health survey conducted between the year 1999 and 2002 reported on the caries prevalence in young children. The caries prevalence was 50% in 4-5 year old children with a mean dmft of 2.4 (van Wyk and van Wyk, 2004).The aim of the study is to assess early childhood caries in children 12-24 months in the Mitchell's Plain district of the Western Cape.Objectives are to determine: a) The prevalence and pattern of early childhood caries. b) The relation between early childhood caries and infant feeding practices. c) The relation between early childhood caries and oral hygiene practices of the child.This study is a cross sectional study of ECC of children 12-24 months of age. Parent/child pair attending the Well Baby Clinic at Eastridge/Mitchell's Plain were informed about the study and invited to participate on a voluntary basis. The data collected consisted of a dental examination of 120 children (stratified by age: 60 in 12-18 months age group and 60 in 19-24 months age group) and a questionnaire completed by the accompanying parent/guardian. The dental examination was conducted using the WHO guidelines (Geneva 1997). Child age, tooth status (sound, decayed, filled, extracted, unerupted), and visible dental plaque on maxillary incisors (Spitz et al, 2006) were recorded.The prevalence of ECC for the sample was 23.3% (dmft =0.88). The maxillary incisors had the highest prevalence of decay (14%) followed by the maxillary molars (4%). There was a significant association (p=.006) between duration (12 months and more) of bottle use and presence of caries (40% caries prevalence). There is no significant difference between the different feeding practices (breast, bottle or both) and the presence of caries. There is a high prevalence of Early Childhood Caries (23.3%) in the 12-24 month age group. Early Childhood Caries was related to prolonged (12 months) bottle feeding. The association between the presence of dental plaque and ECC was the most significant factor (p= .000).
An in vitro study of the properties of GICs with bioactive biomaterial modification
(University of the Western Cape, 2019) Mulder, Riaan; Mohamed, Nadia
The fluoride release and chemical adherence to tooth structure remain the most desirable features of glass ionomer restorative cements (GICs). Although the physical properties for multi-surface restorations are well-defined, even with the introduction of newer GICs not all demands have been met. Yet, increased use of GICs will only be possible if clinicians change their perceptions of the low survival rate of GICs. The lower clinical success rate of GICs is partly due to the marginal integrity and wear over time, which has often been recorded in the literature as restoration failure. The current, well-established restorative options for the primary dentition are Resin Modified Glass Ionomers (RMGICs) and Compomer resins. There is a paradigm shift towards materials that are more biologically favourable. Areas of research for dental materials include antibacterial properties in conjunction with ion release to maintain healthy restored teeth. If a GIC can provide adequate physical properties with the inclusion of the aforementioned features, GICs might become a more viable permanent restorative solution.
Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of school teachers regarding the management of traumatic dental injuries
(University of the Western Cape, 2022) Ali, Hiba; Mohamed, Nadia
Dental trauma presents a significant public health problem due to its high prevalence and effect on the quality of life of children and their families. School is the place where the most traumatic dental injuries (TDI’s) occur. TDIs are more common in children of school-going age due to daily activities such as running, sporting activities, and bike riding, to mention a few. Previous studies have shown that teachers’ knowledge of how to manage traumatic dental emergencies is inadequate.
Oral health practices and challenges facing parents of autistic children in the Western Cape
(University of the Western Cape, 2022) Omer, Rayan; Mohamed, Nadia
Autism, as a neurodevelopmental disorder, is typically characterized by impaired social interaction, limited interests and repetitive patterns of stereotypical behaviours. Periodontal status and oral hygiene practices are found to be deficient in autistic children. This is attributed to challenges in oral health practices at home in addition to the burden of unmet dental needs due to challenges in providing treatment to these children.

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