South African Herbal Science and Medicine Institute (SAHSMI)

Permanent URI for this community

https://hdl.handle.net/10566/2180

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 36

Synergistic effects of mixtures of the kresoxim-methyl fungicide and medicinal plants extracts in vitro and in vivo against Botrytis Cinerea
(University of the Western Cape, 2005) Knowles, Cindy-Lee; Klaasen, J.A; Johnson, Q; Dept. of Medical BioSciences; Faculty of Science
The fungus Botrytis cinerea is an opportunistic pathogen on a wide variety of crops, causing disease known as grey mould through infections via wounds or dead plant parts. Synthetic fungicides for controlling this disease are fast becoming ineffective due to the development of resistance. This, coupled with consumers world wide becomng increasingly conscious of potential environment and health problems associated with the build up of toxic chemicals, (particularly in food products), have resulted in pressure to reduce the use of chemical pesticide volumes as well as its residues. An emerging alternative to random synthesis is the study and exploitation of naturally occurring products with fungicidal properties. There have been reports on the uses of synthetic fungicides for the control of plant pathogenic fungi. When utilized in two-way mixtures, such fungicides may maintain or enhance the level of control of a pathogen at reduced rates for both components utilized in combinations, or alone at normal rates. For this study it was hypothesize that the addition of plant extracts may enhance the antifungal efficacy of the synthetic strobilurin fungicide, kresoxim-methyl against Botrytis cinerea.
Synergistic effects of mixtures of the kresoxim-methyl fungicide and medicinal plant extracts in vitro and in vivo against Botrytis cinerea
(University of the Western Cape, 2005) Knowles, Cindy-Lee; Klaasen, J.; Johnson, Q.
The fungus Botrytis cinerea is an opportunistic pathogen on a wide variety of crops, causing a disease known as grey mould through infections via wounds or dead plant parts. Synthetic fungicides for controlling this disease are fast becoming ineffective due to the development of resistance. This, coupled with consumers' world wide becoming increasingly conscious of potential environmental and health problems associated with the build-up of toxic chemicals, (particularly in food products), have resulted in pressure to reduce the use of chemical pesticide volumes as well as its residues. An emerging alternative to random chemical synthesis is the study and exploitation of naturally occurring products with fungicidal properties. One group of compounds known as strobilurins produced by Strobilurus species, woodland basidiomycete fungi, is a good example of this phenomenon. Plants produce an enormous array of secondary metabolites, and it is commonly reasoned that a significant part of this chemical diversity serves to protect plants against plant pathogens. A problem with plant-produced compounds as potential fungicides is that in the natural state, they are generally only weakly active compared to synthetic fungicides. There have been reports on the uses of mixtures of synthetic fungicides for the control of plant pathogenic fungi. When utilized in two-way mixtures, such fungicides may maintain or enhance the level of control of a pathogen at reduced rates for both components utilized in combinations, or alone at normal rates. These studies provide an important precedent for the idea of synergism. For this study, we hypothesize that the addition of plant extracts may enhance the antifungal efficacy of the synthetic strobilurin fungicide, kresoxim-rnethyl against B. cinerea. We selected South African medicinal plant species such as Artemesia afra, Elyptropappus rhinocerotis, Galenia africana, Hypoxis hemerocallidea, Siphonochilus aetheopicus, Sutherlundia frutescence, Tulbaghia violacea and Tulbaghia alliaceae for this study. For the in vitro study, indigenous medicinal plant extracts were prepared at twofold dilution concentrations and combined with kresoxim-rnethyl at concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5% (w/v). The B. cinerea mycelial plug assays showed potent antifungal inhibitory effects with the plant extract and kresoxim-rnethyl mixtures. Further analyses of the mixtures indicate synergistic effects between the fungicide and plant extracts. I surmise that these in vitro effects are also achievable in vivo. Combinations of these agents represent an attractive avenue for the development of new management strategies for controlling B. cinerea in the future. A second study was conducted to analyse the final dose rates for synergistic reactions for combinations of kresoxim-methyl and medicinal plant extracts against B. cinerea in vivo. A series of two-fold concentrations of medicinal plant extracts were combined with kresoxim-methyl to conduct decay inhibition studies on Granny Smith apples. Synergistic effects were observed for many of the kresoxim-methyl and plant extract combinations. I, therefore, came to the conclusion that indigenous South African plant species produce modulators that potentiate the activity of fungicides. Whether these synergistic effects are due to the inhibition of fungal multi-drug resistant pumps require further studies at the molecular level. However, these inhibitory effects are likely to be advantageous for developing fungicide formulations and application strategies with low toxicity effects on the environment. This approach not only makes it possible to reduce fungicide concentrations while maintaining adequate decay control, but also ensures a reduction of the chemical residue on the fruit.
An assessment of medicinal hemp plant extracts as natural antibiotic and immune modulation phytotherapies
(University of the Western Cape, 2005) Case, Olivia Hildegard; Dept. of Medical BioSciences; Faculty of Science
This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of medicinal hemp plant extracts to determine the antibacterial effects of indigenous Sansevieria species and exotic Cannabis sativa phytotherapy varieties. This study also assessed whether aqueous o
Synergistic effects of mixtures of the kresoxim-methyl fungicide and medicinal plants extracts in vitro and in vivo against Botrytis Cinerea
(University of the Western Cape, 2005) Knowles, Cindy-Lee; Klaasen, J.A; Johnson, Q; Dept. of Medical BioSciences; Faculty of Science
The fungus Botrytis cinerea is an opportunistic pathogen on a wide variety of crops, causing disease known as grey mould through infections via wounds or dead plant parts. Synthetic fungicides for controlling this disease are fast becoming ineffective due to the development of resistance. This, coupled with consumers world wide becomng increasingly conscious of potential environment and health problems associated with the build up of toxic chemicals, (particularly in food products), have resulted in pressure to reduce the use of chemical pesticide volumes as well as its residues. An emerging alternative to random synthesis is the study and exploitation of naturally occurring products with fungicidal properties. There have been reports on the uses of synthetic fungicides for the control of plant pathogenic fungi. When utilized in two-way mixtures, such fungicides may maintain or enhance the level of control of a pathogen at reduced rates for both components utilized in combinations, or alone at normal rates. For this study it was hypothesize that the addition of plant extracts may enhance the antifungal efficacy of the synthetic strobilurin fungicide, kresoxim-methyl against Botrytis cinerea.
Synergistic effects of mixtures of the kresoxim-methyl fungicide and medicinal plant extracts in vitro and in vivo against Botrytis cinerea
(University of the Western Cape, 2005) Knowles, Cindy-Lee; Klaasen, J.; Johnson, Q.
The fungus Botrytis cinerea is an opportunistic pathogen on a wide variety of crops, causing a disease known as grey mould through infections via wounds or dead plant parts. Synthetic fungicides for controlling this disease are fast becoming ineffective due to the development of resistance. This, coupled with consumers' world wide becoming increasingly conscious of potential environmental and health problems associated with the build-up of toxic chemicals, (particularly in food products), have resulted in pressure to reduce the use of chemical pesticide volumes as well as its residues. An emerging alternative to random chemical synthesis is the study and exploitation of naturally occurring products with fungicidal properties. One group of compounds known as strobilurins produced by Strobilurus species, woodland basidiomycete fungi, is a good example of this phenomenon. Plants produce an enormous array of secondary metabolites, and it is commonly reasoned that a significant part of this chemical diversity serves to protect plants against plant pathogens. A problem with plant-produced compounds as potential fungicides is that in the natural state, they are generally only weakly active compared to synthetic fungicides. There have been reports on the uses of mixtures of synthetic fungicides for the control of plant pathogenic fungi. When utilized in two-way mixtures, such fungicides may maintain or enhance the level of control of a pathogen at reduced rates for both components utilized in combinations, or alone at normal rates. These studies provide an important precedent for the idea of synergism. For this study, we hypothesize that the addition of plant extracts may enhance the antifungal efficacy of the synthetic strobilurin fungicide, kresoxim-rnethyl against B. cinerea. We selected South African medicinal plant species such as Artemesia afra, Elyptropappus rhinocerotis, Galenia africana, Hypoxis hemerocallidea, Siphonochilus aetheopicus, Sutherlundia frutescence, Tulbaghia violacea and Tulbaghia alliaceae for this study. For the in vitro study, indigenous medicinal plant extracts were prepared at twofold dilution concentrations and combined with kresoxim-rnethyl at concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5% (w/v). The B. cinerea mycelial plug assays showed potent antifungal inhibitory effects with the plant extract and kresoxim-rnethyl mixtures. Further analyses of the mixtures indicate synergistic effects between the fungicide and plant extracts. I surmise that these in vitro effects are also achievable in vivo. Combinations of these agents represent an attractive avenue for the development of new management strategies for controlling B. cinerea in the future. A second study was conducted to analyse the final dose rates for synergistic reactions for combinations of kresoxim-methyl and medicinal plant extracts against B. cinerea in vivo. A series of two-fold concentrations of medicinal plant extracts were combined with kresoxim-methyl to conduct decay inhibition studies on Granny Smith apples. Synergistic effects were observed for many of the kresoxim-methyl and plant extract combinations. I, therefore, came to the conclusion that indigenous South African plant species produce modulators that potentiate the activity of fungicides. Whether these synergistic effects are due to the inhibition of fungal multi-drug resistant pumps require further studies at the molecular level. However, these inhibitory effects are likely to be advantageous for developing fungicide formulations and application strategies with low toxicity effects on the environment. This approach not only makes it possible to reduce fungicide concentrations while maintaining adequate decay control, but also ensures a reduction of the chemical residue on the fruit.
An assessment of medicinal hemp plant extracts as natural antibiotic and immune modulation phytotherapies
(University of the Western Cape, 2005) Case, Olivia Hildegard; Dept. of Medical BioSciences; Faculty of Science
This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of medicinal hemp plant extracts to determine the antibacterial effects of indigenous Sansevieria species and exotic Cannabis sativa phytotherapy varieties. This study also assessed whether aqueous o
An assessment of Hypoxis hemerocallidea extracts, and actives as natural antibiotic, and immune modulation phytotherapies
(University of the Western Cape, 2006) Muwanga, Catherine; Johnson, Quinton; South African Herbal Science and Medicine Institute (SAHSMI); Faculty of Science
In South Africa, the crude aqueous extract from Hypoxis hemerocallidea is used by AIDS patients to treat opportunistic infections, such as tuberculosis. The rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, and extreme drug resistant tuberculosis, in recent years, is a major threat to human health. The treatment of TB, nosocomial bacterial infections, and fungal infections is now a clinical challenge, especially in the immuno-compromised individual. There is a dire need for novel antibiotic alternatives with phytotherapies and plant-derived compounds as potentially promising alternatives. The main objective of this study was to investigate the antimycobacterial activity of Hypoxis hemerocallidea, a South African medicinal plant, using Mycobacterium smegmatis.
An assessment of Hypoxis hemerocallidea extracts, and actives as natural antibiotic, and immune modulation phytotherapies
(University of the Western Cape, 2006) Muwanga, Catherine; Johnson, Quinton; South African Herbal Science and Medicine Institute (SAHSMI); Faculty of Science
In South Africa, the crude aqueous extract from Hypoxis hemerocallidea is used by AIDS patients to treat opportunistic infections, such as tuberculosis. The rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, and extreme drug resistant tuberculosis, in recent years, is a major threat to human health. The treatment of TB, nosocomial bacterial infections, and fungal infections is now a clinical challenge, especially in the immuno-compromised individual. There is a dire need for novel antibiotic alternatives with phytotherapies and plant-derived compounds as potentially promising alternatives. The main objective of this study was to investigate the antimycobacterial activity of Hypoxis hemerocallidea, a South African medicinal plant, using Mycobacterium smegmatis.
Isolation and Characterization of Natural Products from Siphonochilus aethiopicus
(University of the Western Cape, 2009) Ndiitwani, Dowelani Clement; Mabusela, W.T.
Plants have formed the basis of traditional medicinal systems that have been in existence for thousands of years. Traditional medicines play an important role in protecting, maintaining and restoring the health of people. Therefore, information on folk medicinal uses of plants has in latter times received an intense renewed interest as a source in the search for potential new therapeutic agents. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify natural compounds from Siphonochilus aethiopicus which is a species from the Zingiberaceae family and is one of the most popular medicinal plants in South Africa. This species is used extensively in traditional African medicine for pain relief, asthma, coughs, colds, headaches, dysmenorrhoea and influenza. Extraction of leaves and rhizomes were performed sequentially with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. The presences of organic compounds were screened using chromatogtaphic techniques. The screening revealed similarities between the leaves and rhizomes extracts which implies that in order to improve the sustainability of the plants only leaves need to be harvested. All HPLC chromatograms except for the methanol extract of leaves have shown prominent peak. Moreover, the HPLC results confirm that same compounds are present in both leaves and rhizomes. The antimicrobial activity of the rhizome aqueous extract was carried out against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis) and Gram negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria as well as fungus (Candida albicans). GC NMR and MS techniques were used for structural elucidation.
Isolation and Characterization of Natural Products from Siphonochilus aethiopicus
(University of the Western Cape, 2009) Ndiitwani, Dowelani Clement; Mabusela, W.T.
Plants have formed the basis of traditional medicinal systems that have been in existence for thousands of years. Traditional medicines play an important role in protecting, maintaining and restoring the health of people. Therefore, information on folk medicinal uses of plants has in latter times received an intense renewed interest as a source in the search for potential new therapeutic agents. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify natural compounds from Siphonochilus aethiopicus which is a species from the Zingiberaceae family and is one of the most popular medicinal plants in South Africa. This species is used extensively in traditional African medicine for pain relief, asthma, coughs, colds, headaches, dysmenorrhoea and influenza. Extraction of leaves and rhizomes were performed sequentially with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. The presences of organic compounds were screened using chromatogtaphic techniques. The screening revealed similarities between the leaves and rhizomes extracts which implies that in order to improve the sustainability of the plants only leaves need to be harvested. All HPLC chromatograms except for the methanol extract of leaves have shown prominent peak. Moreover, the HPLC results confirm that same compounds are present in both leaves and rhizomes. The antimicrobial activity of the rhizome aqueous extract was carried out against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis) and Gram negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria as well as fungus (Candida albicans). GC NMR and MS techniques were used for structural elucidation.
Use of antioxidant activity and flavonoid levels to assess the quality of commercially available solid dose Sutherlandia frutescens products
(University of the Western Cape, 2010) Hess, Meggan Sade; Syce, James; South African Herbal Science and Medicine Institute (SAHSMI); Faculty of Science
The overall aims of this project were to assess the pharmaceutical quality and consistency of commercially available solid dose Sutherlandia frutescens containing products (viz. tablets & capsules) by exploring the use of monitoring the pharmaceutical presentation, flavonoid profile and antioxidant activity levels and to develop/or adapt methods and specifications that may be used for the quality control of such products.Stability tests were conducted on all of the selected SCP. The products were stored under elevated temperatures and environmental humidity conditions and total phenol, antioxidant and chromatographic analysis was conducted on these samples. Samples of each of the SCP were hydrolyzed using HCL and then analyzed using HPLC to test the stability of the flavonoids present in each product. The SCP investigated in this study physically appeared to be of quite good “pharmaceutical” quality, but generally lacked information on the date of manufacture and lacked package inserts, or when these were present they contained insufficient information. Based on the results obtained, it is recommended that, the manufacturers of SCP pay more attention to the information provided on the package inserts and the storage conditions for their products. Further the levels of antioxidant activity, total phenols and flavonoid (sutherlandins A to D) be used as specifications to control the quality of commercially available solid dose Sutherlandia frutescens containing preparations on an individual basis.
The immune-modulating activity of Sutherlandia frutescens
(University of the Western Cape, 2010) Kisten, Najwa; Pool, Edmund J.; NULL; Faculty of Science
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Sutherlandia frutescens on the inflammatory response and T cell differentiation in vitro using cytokines as biomarkers. Whole blood cells containing various concentrations of Sutherlandia frutescens were stimulated in vitro with either Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). Results show that Sutherlandia frutescens is not toxic at any of the concentrations tested. The addition of Sutherlandia frutescens at high concentrations to the stimulated whole blood cell cultures reflects a significant down regulation of Interleukin(IL) 6 and IL-10 compared to the control (P<0.05) hence suppressed the inflammatory and humoral immune response. Results obtained for Inteferon-gamma (IFN ) shows that Sutherlandia frutescens is donor specific as it reflects both up and down regulation in the release of IFN at the concentrations tested. The in vitro data generated by this study supports the use of Sutherlandia frutescens in the management of inflammatory conditions and allergies such as asthma. However the effects of Sutherlandia frutescens on cell mediated immunity was found to be donor specific. Further investigation of Sutherlandia frutescens on cellular immunity is advised.
The immune-modulating activity of Artemisia afra
(University of the Western Cape, 2010) Kriel, Yusra; Pool, Edmund J.; Faculty of Science
This study shows that herbs can be effectively screened for potiential bio-activity using in vitro methods. Further studies will be needed to better explore Artemisia afra’s effect on immunoregulation, particularly long term effects of the herb on the immune system and its effect on other disease states.
Phytochemical screening and biological activity studies of five South African indigenous medicinal plants
(Academic Journals, 2010) Babajide, Jelili Olalekan; Mabusela, Wilfred T.; Green, Ivan; Ameer, Farouk; Weitz, Frans; Iwuoha, Emmanuel I.
Different extracts and fractions of five selected indigenous South African medicinal plants, namely, Cissampelos capensis, Geranium incanum and three Gethyllis species, were subjected to phytochemical screening and testing for cytotoxicity using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, and antimicrobial activity assays against nine microbes, which included three fungal species, three Gram negative and three Gram positive bacteria.The majority of the extracts tested positive for the presence of tannins, phenolics and flavonoids, while in selected cases, phytochemical tests suggested the presence of essential oils, glycosides or alkaloids. The methanol extract of Gethyllis gregoriana displayed the highest cytotoxicity levels. Generally, the highest levels of biological activity were shown to reside in the methanolic extracts, while hexane extracts revealed very low to zero activity. The total tertiary alkaloid (TTA) of C. capensis was mostly active against Bacillus subtilis, a Gram +ve bacteria. The trends observed for the cytotoxicity assay were in agreement with those observed for the antimicrobial assay.
The immune-modulating activity of Artemisia afra
(University of the Western Cape, 2010) Kriel, Yusra; Pool, Edmund J.; Faculty of Science
This study shows that herbs can be effectively screened for potiential bio-activity using in vitro methods. Further studies will be needed to better explore Artemisia afra’s effect on immunoregulation, particularly long term effects of the herb on the immune system and its effect on other disease states.
Use of antioxidant activity and flavonoid levels to assess the quality of commercially available solid dose Sutherlandia frutescens products
(University of the Western Cape, 2010) Hess, Meggan Sade; Syce, James; South African Herbal Science and Medicine Institute (SAHSMI); Faculty of Science
The overall aims of this project were to assess the pharmaceutical quality and consistency of commercially available solid dose Sutherlandia frutescens containing products (viz. tablets & capsules) by exploring the use of monitoring the pharmaceutical presentation, flavonoid profile and antioxidant activity levels and to develop/or adapt methods and specifications that may be used for the quality control of such products.Stability tests were conducted on all of the selected SCP. The products were stored under elevated temperatures and environmental humidity conditions and total phenol, antioxidant and chromatographic analysis was conducted on these samples. Samples of each of the SCP were hydrolyzed using HCL and then analyzed using HPLC to test the stability of the flavonoids present in each product. The SCP investigated in this study physically appeared to be of quite good “pharmaceutical” quality, but generally lacked information on the date of manufacture and lacked package inserts, or when these were present they contained insufficient information. Based on the results obtained, it is recommended that, the manufacturers of SCP pay more attention to the information provided on the package inserts and the storage conditions for their products. Further the levels of antioxidant activity, total phenols and flavonoid (sutherlandins A to D) be used as specifications to control the quality of commercially available solid dose Sutherlandia frutescens containing preparations on an individual basis.
The immune-modulating activity of Sutherlandia frutescens
(University of the Western Cape, 2010) Kisten, Najwa; Pool, Edmund J.; NULL; Faculty of Science
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Sutherlandia frutescens on the inflammatory response and T cell differentiation in vitro using cytokines as biomarkers. Whole blood cells containing various concentrations of Sutherlandia frutescens were stimulated in vitro with either Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). Results show that Sutherlandia frutescens is not toxic at any of the concentrations tested. The addition of Sutherlandia frutescens at high concentrations to the stimulated whole blood cell cultures reflects a significant down regulation of Interleukin(IL) 6 and IL-10 compared to the control (P<0.05) hence suppressed the inflammatory and humoral immune response. Results obtained for Inteferon-gamma (IFN ) shows that Sutherlandia frutescens is donor specific as it reflects both up and down regulation in the release of IFN at the concentrations tested. The in vitro data generated by this study supports the use of Sutherlandia frutescens in the management of inflammatory conditions and allergies such as asthma. However the effects of Sutherlandia frutescens on cell mediated immunity was found to be donor specific. Further investigation of Sutherlandia frutescens on cellular immunity is advised.
Effects of environmental growth conditions on the levels of sutherlandins 3 and 4 and sutherlandiosides B and D, in Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R. Br.
(University of the Western Cape, 2011) Whisgary, Darryn; Syce, James A.
Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R. Br. (Fabaceae), indigenous to the Western Cape region of South Africa, is found in a Mediterranean-type climate known for its many environmental stressors that can influence the levels of metabolites found in plants. Sutherlandia frutescens contains many known potential active constituents among them, flavonoids such as sutherlandins 3 and 4 (Su3 and Su4) and terpenoids such as sutherlandiosides B and D (SuB and SuD). Whether the profiles and levels of Su3, Su4, SuB and SuD are significantly affected by the environmental factors found in this area is however, unknown. iBatech™ is an ethanolic plant extract that is manufactured by researchers in the Department of Medical Biosciences, UWC, for use as a pesticide. HPLC analysis performed on Lycopersicon species treated with the iBatech™ product have shown that it also caused an increase in the concentrations of total polyphenols in the plant (Klaasen et.al., unpublished data). Whether the treatment with iBatech™ might also cause an increase in the polyphenols such as sutherlandins 3 and 4 and sutherlandiosides B and D is also unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine the concentrations of sutherlandins 3 and 4 (Su3 and Su4) and sutherlandiosides B and D (SuB and SuD) in S. frutescens collected from different sites and after the treatment with the iBatech™ product. The specific objectives were: a) to locate and categorize sites where S. frutescens is grown, based on a selection of pertinent environmental growth factors, b) to determine and compare the concentrations of sutherlandins 3 and 4 and sutherlandiosides B and D in S. frutescens collected from the different environmental growth sites and after treatment with the iBatech™ product. To realize these objectives, S. frutescens samples were collected from eight different sites and broadly categorized into three environmental categories. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using diode array ultraviolet detection (HPLC-DAD) for the simultaneous analysis of flavonoids and terpenoids was developed and validated, and used for the profiling and determination of the average levels of sutherlandins 3 and 4 and sutherlandiosides B and D in the samples from the sites and that treated with the iBatech™ product. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine statistically significant differences among the environmental categories. The post ANOVA, Dunn's Multiple Comparison test was performed to determine which groups were significantly different. The Mann-Whitney, two-tail, t-test was used to compare each environmental category to the standard and the column statistics of the raw data was analyzed to determine significant differences among samples from the same environmental category. In the samples collected from the sites, the values represent the average levels of metabolites for each environmental category whereas the significance values indicated were among samples from the same environmental category. The levels for sutherlandin 3 were Afriplex™ (Std.) 2495.08, the natural field (NF) 2810.33 (P=0.0005), the cultivated field (CF) 2519.81 and the greenhouse (GH) 2580.25. The levels for sutherlandin 4 were significantly different when comparing the (NF) 1495.67 (P=0.0001), (CF) 3114.42 (P=0.0140) and (GH) 2361.72 (P=0.0001), with the CF group showing the highest levels of Su4 and the NF showing the lowest. The levels for sutherlandioside B were (NF) 189.7 (P=0.0189), (CF) 594.56 (P=0.0140) and (GH) 326.72 (P=0.0001), however, the CF group showed the highest average levels for SuB. The levels for sutherlandioside D were (NF) 144.1 (P=0.0192), (CF) 544.37 (P=0.0308) and (GH) 387.49 (P=0.0001), with the NF category having the lowest average levels. In the iBatech™ treated samples, the values indicate the average levels of three samples in each treatment group. The levels for sutherlandin 3 were (control) 9758.43, the (50%) 2232.63 and the (100%) 2031.97 treatment groups. The levels for sutherlandin 4) were (control) 2241.63, the (50%) 2247.47 and the (100%) 2392.60, with the 100% treatment group having the highest levels. The levels for sutherlandioside B were (control) 289.66, the (50%) 284.93 and the (100%) 332.30. The levels for sutherlandioside D were (control) 282.77, the (50%) 280.60 and the (100%) 315.13 treatment groups, with the 100% treatment group having the highest levels. The levels of Su3, Su4, SuB and SuD were significantly different (P=0.0001) among all treatment groups. In conclusion, the data shows that only sutherlandin 4 (Su4) was significantly different when comparing the environmental groups. Due to the significant differences in the Su3, Su4, SuB and SuD levels among samples from the same group the levels of these metabolites cannot be correlated with the environmental groups.
Effects of environmental growth conditions on the levels of sutherlandins 3 and 4 and sutherlandiosides B and D, in Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R. Br.
(University of the Western Cape, 2011) Whisgary, Darryn; Syce, James A.
Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R. Br. (Fabaceae), indigenous to the Western Cape region of South Africa, is found in a Mediterranean-type climate known for its many environmental stressors that can influence the levels of metabolites found in plants. Sutherlandia frutescens contains many known potential active constituents among them, flavonoids such as sutherlandins 3 and 4 (Su3 and Su4) and terpenoids such as sutherlandiosides B and D (SuB and SuD). Whether the profiles and levels of Su3, Su4, SuB and SuD are significantly affected by the environmental factors found in this area is however, unknown. iBatech™ is an ethanolic plant extract that is manufactured by researchers in the Department of Medical Biosciences, UWC, for use as a pesticide. HPLC analysis performed on Lycopersicon species treated with the iBatech™ product have shown that it also caused an increase in the concentrations of total polyphenols in the plant (Klaasen et.al., unpublished data). Whether the treatment with iBatech™ might also cause an increase in the polyphenols such as sutherlandins 3 and 4 and sutherlandiosides B and D is also unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine the concentrations of sutherlandins 3 and 4 (Su3 and Su4) and sutherlandiosides B and D (SuB and SuD) in S. frutescens collected from different sites and after the treatment with the iBatech™ product. The specific objectives were: a) to locate and categorize sites where S. frutescens is grown, based on a selection of pertinent environmental growth factors, b) to determine and compare the concentrations of sutherlandins 3 and 4 and sutherlandiosides B and D in S. frutescens collected from the different environmental growth sites and after treatment with the iBatech™ product. To realize these objectives, S. frutescens samples were collected from eight different sites and broadly categorized into three environmental categories. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using diode array ultraviolet detection (HPLC-DAD) for the simultaneous analysis of flavonoids and terpenoids was developed and validated, and used for the profiling and determination of the average levels of sutherlandins 3 and 4 and sutherlandiosides B and D in the samples from the sites and that treated with the iBatech™ product. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine statistically significant differences among the environmental categories. The post ANOVA, Dunn's Multiple Comparison test was performed to determine which groups were significantly different. The Mann-Whitney, two-tail, t-test was used to compare each environmental category to the standard and the column statistics of the raw data was analyzed to determine significant differences among samples from the same environmental category. In the samples collected from the sites, the values represent the average levels of metabolites for each environmental category whereas the significance values indicated were among samples from the same environmental category. The levels for sutherlandin 3 were Afriplex™ (Std.) 2495.08, the natural field (NF) 2810.33 (P=0.0005), the cultivated field (CF) 2519.81 and the greenhouse (GH) 2580.25. The levels for sutherlandin 4 were significantly different when comparing the (NF) 1495.67 (P=0.0001), (CF) 3114.42 (P=0.0140) and (GH) 2361.72 (P=0.0001), with the CF group showing the highest levels of Su4 and the NF showing the lowest. The levels for sutherlandioside B were (NF) 189.7 (P=0.0189), (CF) 594.56 (P=0.0140) and (GH) 326.72 (P=0.0001), however, the CF group showed the highest average levels for SuB. The levels for sutherlandioside D were (NF) 144.1 (P=0.0192), (CF) 544.37 (P=0.0308) and (GH) 387.49 (P=0.0001), with the NF category having the lowest average levels. In the iBatech™ treated samples, the values indicate the average levels of three samples in each treatment group. The levels for sutherlandin 3 were (control) 9758.43, the (50%) 2232.63 and the (100%) 2031.97 treatment groups. The levels for sutherlandin 4) were (control) 2241.63, the (50%) 2247.47 and the (100%) 2392.60, with the 100% treatment group having the highest levels. The levels for sutherlandioside B were (control) 289.66, the (50%) 284.93 and the (100%) 332.30. The levels for sutherlandioside D were (control) 282.77, the (50%) 280.60 and the (100%) 315.13 treatment groups, with the 100% treatment group having the highest levels. The levels of Su3, Su4, SuB and SuD were significantly different (P=0.0001) among all treatment groups. In conclusion, the data shows that only sutherlandin 4 (Su4) was significantly different when comparing the environmental groups. Due to the significant differences in the Su3, Su4, SuB and SuD levels among samples from the same group the levels of these metabolites cannot be correlated with the environmental groups.
Garlic and African olive used as traditional Herbs for hypertension in the Western Cape
(University of the Western Cape, 2012) Blouws, Tarryn Alicia; Hughes, Gail D.; Puoane, Thandi
Hypertension is a common chronic health problem worldwide due to contributing factors such as obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet and changes in lifestyle. The standard of care for hypertension in South Africa is prescription medication, as well as a stepwise programme; this treatment approach is for the treatment of hypertension according to severity using diuretics, beta-blockers, vasodilators in a stepwise progressive manner. In South Africa,traditional herbal medicines have been used to treat many ailments especially hypertension.Garlic and African olive has been reported as herbal medicines that have anti-hypertensive properties and may be used to control hypertension, either individually or in combination.The objective of this study is to 1) prevalence of these traditional herbal medicines will be investigated and 2) determine the prevalence of garlic and/ or African olive use among hypertensive patients lieu of/or in combination with prescription medication. The study design was cross-sectional, comprising of two phases. Phase one was the administration of questionnaires concerning the participants‘ demographics, medical/clinical history, chronic illness and traditional herbal treatment. One hundred and eighty participants from Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiological study (PURE) cohort were administered questionnaires. Of the 180 participants, 139 indicated that they are hypertensive, 30 hypertensive participants were selected to participate in the in-depth interviews. Phase two was divided into two parts which were detailed interviews including in-depth interviews and a focus group discussion. The focus group discussion was conducted with a convenience sample of 10 hypertensive patients who were available on the day of data collection. The questionnaire data was analysed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and the interviews and focus group discussion was analysed using thematic content analysis.The results show that the participants with hypertension who are on prescription medication are also using traditional herbs, garlic and African olive as part of a dualistic health care treatment for their hypertension. The use of garlic is more prevalent than the use of African olive, as African olive was not well known among the participants.The results will facilitate in the acknowledgment of traditional herbal medicine use for hypertension, as either a home remedy for (other) chronic conditions or treatment in combination with prescription medication. It also highlights the necessity to educate participants and healthcare providers in the use of traditional herbal medicine. Furthermore, healthcare workers needs to be trained about THM and should also be obligated to ask about traditional herbal medicine among their patients.